During the 1960s, blacks resided on Milwaukee’s North Side (also referred to as the “inner core”) while the city’s South Side was overwhelmingly occupied by whites of Polish and German descent. Restrictive covenants, redlining, blockbusting, and steering created and maintained racial segregation that severely limited housing opportunities for African Americans. Houses within the inner core offered blacks inferior housing stock as many of the homes were extremely old, dilapidated, and overpriced. Because housing discrimination kept blacks confined to such a small part of Milwaukee, the population density of the inner core was twice that of the city’s average. A 1960 study described the inner core as a small area bounded by Juneau Avenue on the South, Twentieth Street on the West, Holton Street on the East, and Keefe Avenue on the North. EM