{"id":1387,"date":"2018-06-20T11:30:00","date_gmt":"2018-06-20T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/yiddish-stage\/?p=1387"},"modified":"2023-05-15T11:32:20","modified_gmt":"2023-05-15T16:32:20","slug":"visual-artists-and-yiddish-avant-garde-theatre-in-poland","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/yiddish-stage\/visual-artists-and-yiddish-avant-garde-theatre-in-poland\/","title":{"rendered":"Visual Artists and Yiddish Avant-garde Theatre in Poland"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Artistic set designs and Yiddish theatre might call to mind Marc Chagall<\/a> and his well-documented work for the Moscow State Yiddish Theater<\/a> (GOSET). But collaboration between artist and Yiddish stage director was not the exception during the interwar years. A thoughtful piece by the visionary Yiddish theatre set designer W\u0142adys\u0142aw Zew Wajntraub (Chaim Wolf Wajntrojb, 1891-194?), \u201cThe Significance of Backdrops in the Theatre,\u201d that appeared in Literarishe Bleter,<\/em> indicates the close relationship fostered between theatre and fine art. Wajntraub writes, \u201cthe approach of every artist in the theatre is to press into the content of the thing in order to pull out that which is deeply concealed in the work, and to express it boldly through sculptural-painterly ways.\u201d Where do we begin to document the role of Wajntraub and his fellow artists in the Yiddish theatre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Little of the material culture of Poland\u2019s Yiddish theatre survives. The Yiddish theatre\u2019s costume and set design budgets were typically meager, and the extent to which producers went to preserve, rather than re-use materials, is unclear. Of course, the war and the destruction it unleashed on Poland\u2019s Yiddish theatre erased so much. Most tragically, the Germans murdered the majority of Poland\u2019s Union of Yiddish Actors<\/a>. Approximately five hundred of Poland\u2019s Yiddish actors \u2014 including visual artists \u2014 are memorialized in the fifth volume of Zalmen Zylbercweig\u2019s Leksikon fun yidishn teater<\/em><\/a>(Encyclopedia of the Yiddish Theatre). In some cases, Jewish art was targeted for destruction or fell victim to the more general devastation of war and upheaval.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A rich vein of information pertaining to the visual aspect of Poland\u2019s interwar Yiddish theatre is the Esther-Rachel Kaminska Theater Museum Collection<\/a>, now being organized and digitized as part of the Vilna Collections<\/a> initiatives at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research<\/a>. An enormous number of posters and programs credit costume and set designers by name, and many of the collection\u2019s thousands of newspaper clippings \u2014including hundreds of theatre reviews \u2014 describe their work in detail. Often these artists also designed the very posters and programs in which their names appear, and among the collection\u2019s photographs are glimpses of these artists\u2019 imagination and ingenuity. When everything is digitized, researchers will be able to piece together reviews, posters, and photographs with considerable ease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Originally founded by Ida Kaminska<\/a> in 1926 as a museum to honor her late mother, the legendary actor Esther-Rokhl (Esther-Rachel) Kaminska, and first housed in her mother\u2019s Warsaw apartment, the collection grew exponentially even in its first year. Esther-Rokhl\u2019s fellow actors preserved her memory by donating their own personal papers and photos, and in 1927, Ida gave the museum\u2019s collection to the then-newly established YIVO Institute in Vilna. There, Max Weinreich actively facilitated its growth, soliciting material from \u201czamlers,\u201d or gatherers, throughout the world, including avid collectors of theatre ephemera like theatre historians Jacob Shatzky and Sholem Perlmutter. Once in its new and expanded headquarters at 18 Wiwulski Street, YIVO allocated to its theatre collection a dedicated staff of eight members, a storage area, and a separate exhibition space. The Nazis arrived at YIVO\u2019s headquarters in 1941 and destroyed or pillaged all of YIVO\u2019s holdings. What survived from Kaminska\u2019s collection had been set aside by the Nazis for their own purposes, and was discovered in Germany after the war by the US Army. Itself a survivor of the war, the collection is a repository of remnants from Poland\u2019s vibrant Jewish cultural life.<\/p>\n\n\n

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A program for an evening honoring the work of the director Dovid Herman designed by artist, Itshe Broyner.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Among those credited with set designs in the programs and posters in the archive are the visual artists Yoysef Shlivniak <\/a>(b.1899 in Kiev) Zygmunt Balk (1873\u20131941), Fritz Klaynman (b. 1896), Dina Matus, and probably the most celebrated\u2014and the only one of the group to survive the war\u2014Man\u00e9 Katz<\/a> (1894-1962). Before creating sets for the Yiddish theatre, Balk worked at Lw\u00f3w (Lviv) Opera House, created set designs for productions of Wagner (among others), and ranks among Poland\u2019s most important twentieth-century painters. Shlivniak collaborated with the actor Zygmunt Turkow<\/a> on his Yiddish-language staging of Stefan Zweig<\/a>\u2019s adaptation of Ben Jonson<\/a>\u2019s Volpone<\/a>,<\/em> and Matus, a member of the artistic-literary group Yung-yidish<\/a> (Young Yiddish), conceived of the Jewish folk motifs and ambience of pioneering avant-garde director Micha\u0142 Weichert<\/a>\u2019s legendary play Trupe Tanentsap<\/a> <\/em>(The Tanentsap Troupe) for the Yung Teater. Klaynman designed posters and programs, including a spectacular poster for Ida Kaminska\u2019s Yiddish version of the radical Polish feminist play, Mir froyen <\/em>(We, Women).<\/p>\n\n\n

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The verso of a program of a production by the theatre troupe Ararat featuring a picture of Moyshe Broderzon and his philosophy of \u201cSynthetic Art.\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Born in <\/strong>Lyuvitsh (\u0141owicz), Poland, to Hasidic parents, Wajntraub was drawn to sketching and painting from a young age. Polish artists and art critics recognized Wajntraub\u2019s raw talent and Poland\u2019s Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts (Towarzystwo Zach\u0119ty do Sztuk Pi\u0119knych) supported his studies in France. In Paris, he met the Russian artist and set designer Leon Bakst (1866-1924) whose influence is responsible for Wajntraub\u2019s decisive commitment to the decorative arts and theatre design. In his book, The Murdered Jewish Artists of Poland, <\/em>Joseph Sandel<\/a> writes of Wajntraub: \u201c<\/strong>He was a fantasist, an Expressionist with mystic overtones.\u201d Wajntraub worked closely with the modernist poet Moyshe Broderzon<\/a> (1890-1956) and designed the set for his legendary opera Dovid un Basheva<\/em> and I. L. Peretz\u2019s Baynakht oyfn altn mark<\/em> (At Night in the Old Marketplace). Wajntraub also worked with Weichert who directed a legendary production of Shabse Tsvi<\/em><\/a> (Sabbatai Zevi) in Riga, where newspapers gave equal column space to both director and set designer. The reporter quotes Weichert as describing Shabse Tsvi<\/em> as \u201ca monumental performance, broadly imagined,\u201d in which \u201cthe masses, actors, music, design and lighting come together in one artistic complex.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Weichert and Wajntraub collaborated often and, in a number of their productions, deployed stages of various heights to create literal layers of meaning. In Leyb Malach\u2019s Mississippi<\/em>, about the \u201cScottsboro Boys\u201d trial<\/a>, actors representing white characters stood on higher platforms than did actors representing black characters, to emphasize their fatal inequality in American society. Wajntraub acknowledges, however, that a given space or venue sometime imposed limitations on an artist\u2019s vision. In the same article, Wajntraub recalls that while his original design for Baynakht oyfn altn mark<\/em> included a stage of multiple levels, his set could not be realized on the Warsaw venue\u2019s stage, one of the first in which he worked. Tantalizing details such as these underscore how crucial was the visual dimension of interwar Poland\u2019s literary Yiddish theatre production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The artist who gets the most attention in Zylbercweig\u2019s Leksikon <\/em>is Itshe Broyner (1887-194?), who, together with Moyshe Broderzon, the visionary composer Henekh Kon<\/a> (1890-1972) and the writer and artist Yekhezkl-Moyshe Nayman (b.1893), established the H<\/em>ad Gadya<\/em> puppet theatre in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a in 1923. Broyner was born in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a to a well-to-do family whose father was one of the pioneers of the city\u2019s textile industry. After attending a Polish gymnasium, Broyner studied art in Poland and Berlin. In Berlin he also studied violin in conservatory, but finally chose to devote himself to visual arts rather than music. The Esther-Rachel Kaminska Theater Museum Collection includes a beautifully preserved manuscript of Mitn puter arop <\/em>(Butter Side Down), for which Broyner created the design and carved the puppets. This trilingual play (in Yiddish, Hebrew, and Polish), was conceived of and performed as a P<\/em>urimshpil<\/em> in 1936, and the play included such historical characters as Vladimir Jabotinsky, Albert Einstein, and Adolf Hitler. Pasted into the manuscript are photographs of the puppets and set and their makers, as well as publicity materials that include a caricature-self-portrait of Broyner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The programs and posters of interwar Poland\u2019s literary Yiddish theatre reflect how much its ensemble approach extended to its visual artists. A spare five paragraphs published on the back of a program from a 1928 production staged by the experimental troupe Ararat (like Had Gadya, also pioneered by Broderzon) lays out Broderzon\u2019s idea of what he calls \u201cSynthetic Art.\u201d \u201cSynthetic theatre is the rushing together of all the art-possibilities, the together-blending of the living word, of the living color, of the living musical sound, of the rhythmic movement, which creates wholeness in creative oneness.\u201d Broderzon\u2019s Synthetic Theatre meant to deploy all of art\u2019s modes of expression, and to do so, he assembled a group of artists to shape his productions that included painters and sculptors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some of these artists considered their work in the Yiddish theatre an adjunct to their main artistic pursuits, the output of which was, in many cases, lost during the war, presumably destroyed or stolen. As so many of these artists perished in the war, little was done afterwards to recover their work. The efforts of Josef Sandel, who remained in Warsaw and sought to document the dead artists\u2019 work in as much detail as possible, are the exception. In some cases, the Esther-Rachel Kaminska Theater Museum Collection houses some of the only known evidence of their work as artists. The surviving evidence of their visual art and design work resembles shards of pottery crying out to be reconstituted. If not for the few photographs of Trupe Tanentsap <\/em>published in Weichert\u2019s memoirs, we would not know the work of Matus; if not for the archive , we would not know Broyner\u2019s talent. Most of the sculptures of Yoysef Rubinlicht (of the extraordinary Polish-Jewish Rubinlicht family) perished with their creator. But at least one survives: the gravestone of Esther-Rokhl Kaminska, with its ornately carved bas relief<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Esther-Rachel Kaminska Theater Museum Collection is far-reaching, and a systematic survey of all the visual artists whose work it mentions has yet to be done. The same goes for the choreographers, musical composers, and costume designers listed on so many of these programs. Such work will illuminate the multidimensional nature of the avant-garde and literary theatre of this most fruitful, and largely undocumented, chapter of modern Jewish culture. Here, the Yiddish theatre is an example of how art begets art and art preserves art.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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