Transmission and Distribution Systems

This course provides real-life scenarios for the operation and design of power transmission and distribution systems. Review distribution lines and hardware applications, then create plans to serve a new residential development that doubles customer load and extends the distribution line for two miles. Review a transmission system, then create plans to add a new, high capacity wind farm to the system. Develop enhancements needed for a two-transformer distribution substation that will serve a new residential development that increases substation load by 50%. Key topics include maintaining scheduled voltage and service reliability when daily, weekly and seasonal load variations are considered.

Develop a distribution system design for optimized customer service. Explore substation configurations and bus arrangements and also develop a transmission system design for bi-directional power transfer.

This course can be applied to the Electrical Engineering Certificate.

Benefits and Learning Outcomes

  • Analyze design features of radial 10-mile overhead and 5-mile underground distribution lines.
  • Analyze design features of 25-mile overhead and 5-mile underground transmission lines.
  • Analyze design features of distribution substation and transformer transmission substation.
  • Recognize hardware applications for transmission lines, distribution lines, and substations – transformers, regulators, reclosers, capacitors and more.

Course Outline/Topics

Day 1: Distribution Systems

Establish distribution line ratings – Voltage, current, MVA, and type (OH / UG)

Establish substation connection to distribution line

Recognize relevant hardware applications:

OH Conductors – ACSR, ACAR, or coarse stranded copper and ampacity

UG Conductors – Aluminum cable, copper cable and ampacity

OH – Structures, wood poles, steel poles, concrete poles

UG – Direct buried or manhole and duct bank system

Insulation – Insulators, surge arrestors, cables and cable terminators

Short Circuit Protection – Current transformers, protective relays, and circuit breakers

OH In Line Short Circuit Protection – Reclosers and fuses

Customer Service Transformers – Location, KVA rating, secondary voltage

OH Switches – Pole top vacuum switches, air break switches, load transfer switches

UG Switches – Pad-mount or submersible

Consider Customer Service Requirements

Residential customers – 120 volt / 240 volt, single phase

Small business customers – 120 volt / 240 volt service, single phase

Medium business customers – 277 volt / 480 volt, three phase

Large business customers – 12.47 KV, three phase

Evaluate voltage control options

Establish peak load voltage profile and low load voltage profile

Evaluate tapped transformer applications

Evaluate voltage regulator applications

Evaluate capacitor applications

Underground (UG) lines versus overhead (OH) lines

Cost and benefit

Discuss power quality

Low voltage, high voltage, surges, dips, and power interruptions

Discuss Distribution System Automation

Discuss Renewable Energy connections to distribution lines

Day 2: Transmission Systems

Establish transmission line ratings – Voltage, current, MVA, and type (OH / UG)

Establish substation connections at both terminals of the transmission line

Recognize relevant hardware applications:

OH Conductors – ACSR, ACAR, or coarse stranded copper and ampacity

UG Conductors – Aluminum cable, copper cable and ampacity

OH – Structures, wood poles, steel poles, lattice structures

UG – Manhole and duct bank system

Insulation – Insulators, surge arrestors, and cable terminators

Short Circuit Protection – Current transformers, voltage transformers, protective relays, and circuit breakers

Switches – air break switches

Evaluate voltage control options

Establish high voltage and low voltage limits

Evaluate transformer applications

Discuss Reliability

Impact of single failure or maintenance outage

Impact of single failure during maintenance outage

Discuss Transmission System Operation

Short circuit detection and isolation

Load and voltage control

Power factor correction (capacitors)

System stability considerations

Reactive Power Requirements

FIDVR (Fault Induced Delayed Voltage Recovery)

Day 3: Substations

Establish Substation ratings – Voltage, current, MVA, type (indoor / outdoor)

Establish Number and Location of transformers, transmission lines, distribution lines, buses, circuit breakers in substations

Recognize relevant hardware applications:

Transformer connections and ratings

Circuit breakers and switches

Switchyard configurations – straight bus, sectionalized bus, double bus

Substation configurations – physical orientation of components

Electrical clearance considerations

Minimum clearance of live parts

Working clearance around live parts

Working clearance around cabinets and enclosures

Switchgear designs

Metal clad switchgear

GIS (Gas Insulated Substation)

Protective relaying

Zones of protection

Application overview – Bus protection, distribution line protection, transmission line protection, transformer protection

Substation operation

Bus configurations

Transformer and bus redundancy

Single failure analysis

Circuit breaker failure considerations

Radial Systems

Networked Systems

With Automated Distribution Systems

With Distributed, Renewable Generation

Dates and locations to be announced.

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