{"id":9082,"date":"2013-10-17T12:07:55","date_gmt":"2013-10-17T17:07:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/?p=9082"},"modified":"2015-11-12T08:01:39","modified_gmt":"2015-11-12T14:01:39","slug":"light-as-medicine-uwm-researchers-explain-how","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/light-as-medicine-uwm-researchers-explain-how\/","title":{"rendered":"Light as medicine? UWM researchers explain how"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Chukuka S. Enwemeka, dean of UWM\u2019s College of Health Sciences, conducts an experiment with research associate Daniela Masson-Meyers. Enwemeka is internationally known for his work in phototherapy. Among his discoveries: blue light in a certain wavelength kills the antibiotic-resistant \u201csuperbug\u201d form of Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>. (Photos by Troye Fox<\/em>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Multiple sclerosis (MS) causes progressive paralysis by destroying nerve cells and the spinal cord. It interrupts vision, balance and even thinking.<\/p>\n

On a suggestion from a colleague, Jeri-Anne Lyons decided to test how the disease responded to a radical therapy \u2013 exposure to a certain wavelength of light called near-infrared (NIR).<\/p>\n

\u201cNever in a million years did I think it would help,\u201d says Lyons, an associate professor of biomedical sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM), who studies the role of the immune response in MS.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Janis Eells (left) and Jeri-Ann Lyons, professor and associate professor of biomedical sciences, irradiate cells with NIR light, which has been shown to have beneficial effects on cell function.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

But it did<\/em>. In rodent models, early MS-like symptoms were treated with exposure to NIR light for a week, alternating with a week of no light. The clinical condition of the mice improved.<\/p>\n

Professor Janis Eells, who shared the idea with Lyons, had the same initial reaction after she used NIR therapy on rats to treat blindness caused by poisoning, a condition thought to be permanent. Repeating experiments again and again, she found that certain doses of NIR light allowed lab animals to regain their sight.<\/p>\n

Scientists have known for years that certain wavelengths of light in certain doses can heal, but they are only now uncovering exactly how it works, thanks in large part to three UWM faculty researchers, including Chukuka S. Enwemeka, dean of UWM\u2019s College of Health Sciences who is internationally known for his work in phototherapy.<\/p>\n

Enwemeka researches the effects of both NIR and blue light in the visible range on healing wounds. Among his discoveries is that some wavelengths of blue light can clear stubborn infections \u2013 even MRSA, the antibiotic-resistant \u201csuperbug\u201d form of Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Together, the UWM cluster has found that NIR and blue light repair tissue in dramatically different ways, but both act on the same enzyme in the cell\u2019s energy supply center: the mitochondria. The studies have revealed key information about managing the effects of aging and disease.<\/p>\n

A bodyguard<\/strong><\/p>\n

So how is light accomplishing such wonders?<\/p>\n

\n
\u201cTo see people who have not had relief see their wounds heal and not return is very touching.\u201d<\/em><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n

In applying NIR light therapy to MS, Lyons has identified the right timing and dose. But she\u2019s also dug deeper, analyzing the effect the light had on the activities of the animal\u2019s genes. It turns out, molecules that would make the disease worse were weakened after exposure to the light, and the ones responsible for improvement were strengthened.<\/p>\n

Eells says NIR light acts on the mitochondria and a particular enzyme, cytochrome C oxidase, to stimulate cell repair.<\/p>\n

Light can do all that?<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re not talking about white light [all wavelengths in the visible spectrum combined] as treatment, but only certain wavelengths, at a certain intensity, for a certain amount of time,\u201d says Lyons. \u201cLike ingested medication, it\u2019s all about the dose.\u201d<\/p>\n

Determining the best wavelength of light for phototherapy is a difficult task. Studies show that 670 nanometer (nm) and 830 nm light are beneficial, but 730 nm is not. The other difficult task is determining the appropriate dose and dose regimen for delivering the light.<\/p>\n

Promising leads <\/strong><\/p>\n

Even more exciting is phototherapy\u2019s potential to improve a host of other degenerative diseases. Damaged mitochondria lead to a rise in destructive \u201cfree radicals,\u201d which play a key role in aging and cancer.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s why we try to put antioxidants into our diets,\u201d says Lyons, \u201cto fight that process.\u201d<\/p>\n

One source of free radicals comes from the inflammation caused by the body\u2019s immune response. The researchers have found that after an injury or illness triggers the immune response, NIR light resets the mitochondria so they function normally again.<\/p>\n

\u201cNIR reduces inflammation,\u201d says Eells. \u201cIf you can tone down the inflammation in an eye disease like retinitis pigmentosa<\/em>, you slow the progression of the disease.\u201d<\/p>\n

A similar observation with inflammation occurred in a study on recalcitrant bedsores, she adds. Wounds treated with phototherapy healed two and a half times more quickly than untreated wounds. \u201cChronic non-healing wounds are \u2018stuck\u2019 in the inflammatory phase of wound healing\u201d The light removes that obstacle,\u201d says Eells.<\/p>\n

She has been working with Tim Kern at Case Western Reserve in treating an animal model of diabetic retinopathy with NIR light, which has been shown to slow progression and reduce the severity of the condition. Kern hopes to initiate a clinical trial in the near future.<\/p>\n

A killer<\/strong><\/p>\n

NIR light heals by ensuring that cytochrome oxidase binds with oxygen to turn on protectors and stimulate cell metabolism. Blue light, on the other hand, causes a toxic environment when the immune response has been triggered. That poisonous effect hastens healing of topical wounds by killing bacteria that cause infection.<\/p>\n

The question is, \u201cWhat gives light in the longer wavelength its antibiotic effect?\u201d<\/p>\n

Enwemeka\u2019s studies suggest that blue light also acts on the mitochondrial enzyme site, but allows cytochrome oxidase to bind with nitric oxide, a free radical that is elevated in the immune response. It\u2019s a pairing that poisons the invader.<\/p>\n

This theory is still unproven, but the therapy has achieved undeniable results in the lab with antibiotic-resistant MRSA. Enwemeka demonstrated that one dose of irradiation killed as much as 92 percent of two pervasive strains of MRSA.<\/p>\n

He is working to improve that success rate by getting the light to penetrate deeper in order to finish off the few colonies that survive irradiation.<\/p>\n

Limited availability<\/strong><\/p>\n

Enwemeka is leading a research effort in Brazil and at UWM that he hopes will ultimately lead to clinical use of NIR and blue light in the U.S. for the treatment of wounds.<\/p>\n

In the six years since he was asked to test the effects of blue light on MRSA, he says, research on the topic has picked up. But currently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not sanctioned the use of blue light in treating wounds, or NIR light for conditions other than wounds and pain.<\/p>\n

With so much success, why isn\u2019t phototherapy being used more widely?<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s considered alternative therapy in Western medicine. It seems too simple for people to accept,\u201d says Lyons.<\/p>\n

What the FDA is waiting for, says Enwemeka, is confirmation from a large-scale clinical study before approving phototherapy for a wider variety of ailments. It\u2019s something Enwemeka and Harry Whelan, a UWM alumnus and physician-researcher at the Medical College of Wisconsin, are determined to accomplish.<\/p>\n

\u201cTo see people who have not had relief see their wounds heal and not return,\u201d says Enwemeka of the Brazilian patients who have benefited from therapy, \u201cis very touching.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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