{"id":59566,"date":"2018-06-05T16:08:43","date_gmt":"2018-06-05T21:08:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/?p=59566"},"modified":"2018-06-11T14:30:23","modified_gmt":"2018-06-11T19:30:23","slug":"uwm-physicists-experiment-reveals-how-tb-bacteria-become-antibiotic-resistant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/uwm-physicists-experiment-reveals-how-tb-bacteria-become-antibiotic-resistant\/","title":{"rendered":"UWM physicist\u2019s experiment reveals how TB bacteria become antibiotic-resistant"},"content":{"rendered":"

The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are particularly difficult to treat because they are often antibiotic resistant. In fact, the lung disease, which spreads through coughs or sneezes, now kills more people worldwide than any other infectious agent, according to the World Health Organization.<\/p>\n

But in order to design drugs that foil resistance, scientists first have to know the how the bacterium disables the antibiotic at the atomic level.<\/p>\n

\"A
UWM physicist Marius Schmidt observed atomic changes that occur as an enzyme from drug-resistant tuberculosis bacteria damages an antibiotic molecule. He used an imaging technique made possible with XFEL equipment at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. (Photo by Amanda Solliday)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In experiments led by UWM Physics Professor Marius Schmidt, a team of researchers has watched the process in action for the first time using an X-ray free-electron laser, or XFEL, at the Department of Energy\u2019s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.<\/p>\n

In the experiment, Schmidt and his colleagues mixed an antibiotic with an enzyme, a class of proteins, that TB bacteria produce to protect themselves. Then scientists watched in real time as the enzyme attacked the antibiotic molecule and burst one of its chemical bonds.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis proof-of-concept study shows that we\u2019re able to see the shape and intermediate stages of the molecules during the process,\u201d Schmidt said. \u201cAfter decades of trying other techniques in the field of crystallography, the technology is (now) here.\u201d<\/p>\n

The results of the experiment were\u00a0published May 31 in BMC Biology<\/a>. <\/a><\/p>\n

\"A
In a liquid droplet (represented by the light blue circle), an antibiotic disperses through a crystallized protein, beta-lactamase, and binds to it. X-ray snapshots of the bound pair allowed researchers to create maps of the electron density (green) and watch a ring in the antibiotic break open (far right) 30 to 500 milliseconds after the reaction began. (Graphic by Marius Schmidt)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In the past, the only way to image the atomic structure of molecules and proteins in three dimensions was with X-ray crystallography: X-rays are shot at crystalized proteins, which diffract the light and create patterns, or \u201csnapshots,\u201d of dots the way shaking a paintbrush sprays drops on a wall. Each of these snapshots reveals the protein\u2019s atomic structure at a single point in time.<\/p>\n

Using SLAC\u2019s light source, XFEL imaging turbocharges that method, allowing images to be taken in extremely short time increments.<\/p>\n

For this experiment, researchers started the reaction by mixing the antibiotic and bacteria just fractions of a second before the sample was hit by the XFEL\u2019s X-ray ultra-bright pulses. Snapshots were taken 30 milliseconds to two seconds after the reaction began.<\/p>\n

Then scientists stitched together the millions of snapshots during the reaction, creating a map that shows how the atoms of the enzyme and antibiotic molecule are rearranged as they interact at room temperature.<\/p>\n

XFELs have such intense beams that they can capture diffraction patterns from much tinier crystals, a millionth of a meter across or less, Schmidt said, so the antibiotic could get to the enzyme before bombardment with X-rays.<\/p>\n

\u201cFor structural biologists, this is how we learn exactly how biology functions,\u201d says Mark Hunter, staff scientist at SLAC and co-author on the study. \u201cWe decipher a molecule\u2019s structure at a certain point in time, and it gives us a better idea of how the molecule works.\u201d<\/p>\n

Schmidt previously has used XFEL imaging to investigate how a photo-reactive protein involved in light perceptionchanges its shapeas it interacts with a photon, a particle of light.<\/p>\n

Next the researchers intend to apply this method to additional pharmacologically important enzymes, with an eye on providing new targets for drug development.<\/p>\n

Schmidt collaborated with two other UWM physicists, Abbas Ourmazd and Peter Schwander. UWM graduate students Suraj Pandey and Ishwor Poudyal, research associate Christopher Kupitz and Jacob Verburgt, an undergraduate intern from the Milwaukee School of Engineering, also were involved in the work.<\/p>\n

Schmidt and the UWM team are members of a BioXFEL Science and Technology Center backed by the National Science Foundation, which formed the collaborative framework for this work. In addition to UWM and SLAC, the project included scientists from six other universities, and Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, the Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, GlaxoSmithKline and 4Marbles Inc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are particularly difficult to treat because they are often antibiotic resistant. In fact, the lung disease, which spreads through coughs or sneezes, now kills more people worldwide than any other infectious agent, according to the World Health Organization. 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