{"id":12605,"date":"2014-06-24T10:24:23","date_gmt":"2014-06-24T15:24:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/?p=12605"},"modified":"2015-11-12T08:01:37","modified_gmt":"2015-11-12T14:01:37","slug":"the-coolest-known-white-dwarf-a-diamond-in-the-sky-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/news\/the-coolest-known-white-dwarf-a-diamond-in-the-sky-2\/","title":{"rendered":"The Coolest Known White Dwarf: A Diamond in the Sky?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"An<\/a>
An image taken in visible light at the SOAR telescope of the field of the pulsar\/white dwarf pair. There is no evidence for the white dwarf in this deep image, indicating that the white dwarf is much fainter, therefore cooler, than any such known object. (Credit B. Saxton, NRAO\/AUI\/NSF) Click image for larger view.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A team of astronomers has identified possibly the coldest, faintest white dwarf star ever detected. This ancient stellar remnant is so cool that its carbon has crystallized, forming \u2013 in effect \u2013 an Earth-sized diamond in space.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a really remarkable object,\u201d says David Kaplan, assistant professor of physics at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM). \u201cWe expect a large number of old white dwarfs to be around. They are just hard to see, and if we don’t know where to look, they are basically impossible to pick out.\u201d<\/p>\n

White dwarfs are the extremely dense end-states of stars like our sun that have collapsed to form an object about the size of the Earth. Composed mostly of carbon and oxygen, they cool and fade over billions of years.<\/p>\n

The chief barrier to learning more about the coldest white dwarfs is the difficulty in finding them. What makes this study so exciting, Kaplan says, is that data about another stellar object has given clues to the white dwarf\u2019s existence.<\/p>\n

Kaplan and his colleagues found this 11 billion-year-old gem using the National Radio Astronomy Observatory\u2019s (NRAO) Green Bank Telescope (GBT).<\/p>\n

But the telescopes didn\u2019t actually allow scientists to see the white dwarf. Instead, they were studying a millisecond pulsar, found two years ago by Jason Boyles, now a visiting assistant professor at Western Kentucky University, using the GBT.<\/p>\n

\"David<\/a>
David Kaplan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Pulsars are spinning neutron stars. Boyle\u2019s discovery is a collapsed, dying star many times more massive than our sun, but only about 20 miles across. Identified as PSR J2222-0137, which simply identifies its position in the sky, this pulsar is spinning more than 30 times a second. <\/b>As it spins, a beam from its magnetic pole sweeps repeatedly past Earth, giving rise to regular blips of radio waves.<\/p>\n

The pulsar was then observed during a two-year period by Adam Deller, an astronomer at the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy. These observations pinpointed its location and distance from Earth \u2013 about 900 light-years away in the direction of the constellation Aquarius.<\/p>\n

The observations of the pulsar also revealed that it is gravitationally bound to a companion star: The two orbit around each other every 2.45 days. It is this companion object that appears to be either another neutron star or, more likely, a remarkably cool white dwarf.<\/p>\n

Deller\u2019s observations pinpointed the position of the pulsar so precisely, says Kaplan, \u201cYou could say that we know the position of the pulsar to better than one pixel.\u201d And this became very important when they searched for optical evidence of the white dwarf companion.<\/p>\n

The team applied Einstein\u2019s theory of general relativity, which first predicted that light (or radio waves) slows in the gravitational field of a massive object. From the periodic delay of the radio signal as the radio beam from the pulsar skimmed over the surface of the companion, the team could determine the orientation of the orbit of the two stars in space, as well as their individual masses.<\/p>\n

They found the pulsar has a mass 1.2 times that of the sun and the companion a mass about the same as the sun.<\/p>\n

Next, they searched for visible and infrared evidence of the companion, using the Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope in Chile, and the Keck telescope in Hawaii. With their knowledge of the distance of the pulsar, the team was able to calculate how intrinsically faint the companion object is.<\/p>\n

Even though the \u201ccool companion\u201d is not visible, Kaplan says, they strongly believe it is white dwarf because of its circular orbit. \u201cIf it were a neutron star then we would expect an elliptical orbit,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

The next step, he says, is to actually detect the white dwarf in order to model conditions that will make it easier to find and study white dwarfs and other such cold objects in space.<\/p>\n

The paper was recently published online in the Astrophysical Journal<\/i>.<\/p>\n

###<\/p>\n

Contacts:<\/b><\/p>\n

David Kaplan
\nUW-Milwaukee
\n414-229-4971
\nkaplan@uwm.edu<\/a><\/p>\n

Katy Garmany, Deputy Press Officer
\nNational Optical Astronomy Observatory
\n520-318-8526
\nkgarmany@noao.edu<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This ancient stellar remnant is so cool that its carbon has crystallized, forming \u2013 in effect \u2013 an Earth-sized diamond in space.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":836,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[202],"tags":[],"section":[],"display_categories":[],"related-coverage":[],"uwmnews-feed":[],"class_list":["post-12605","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news-releases"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Coolest Known White Dwarf: A Diamond in the Sky?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This ancient stellar remnant is so cool that its carbon has crystallized, forming \u2013 in effect \u2013 an Earth-sized diamond in space.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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