Recent UWM alumna and Wisconsin Population Health Service Fellow Emily Lynch is lead author on research examining how structural racism in the housing market, historical redlining, and current lending discrimination affect neighborhood health in Milwaukee. Zilber co-authors of the study, published in the journal SSM—Population Health (June 2021), include doctoral student Sarah E. Laurent, Associate Professor Lorraine Halinka Malcoe, and former Assistant Professor Helen Meier, who is now at the University of Michigan. Researchers from the National Community Reinvestment Coalition and the University of Michigan collaborated on the study.
Abstract
Read the article in the peer-reviewed, open-access journal SSM—Population Health .
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Structural racism, which is embedded in past and present operations of the U.S. housing market, is a fundamental cause of racial health inequities. We conducted an ecologic study to 1) examine historic redlining in relation to current neighborhood lending discrimination and three key indicators of societal health (mental health, physical health, and infant mortality rate (IMR)) and 2) investigate sustained lending disinvestment as a determinant of current neighborhood health in one of the most hypersegregated metropolitan areas in the United States, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Study co-author Sarah E. Laurent, UWM epidemiology doctoral student (UWM MPH—Biostatistics, 2020).
We calculated weighted historic redlining scores from the proportion of 1930s Home Owners’ Loan Corporation residential security grades contained within 2010 census tract boundaries. We combined two lending indicators from 2018 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data to capture current neighborhood lending discrimination: low lending occurrence and high-cost loans (measured via loan rate spread). Using historic redlining score and current lending discrimination, we created a 4-level hierarchical measure of lending trajectory.
In Milwaukee neighborhoods, greater historic redlining was associated with current lending discrimination (OR = 1.73, 95%CI: 1.16, 2.58) and increased prevalence of poor physical health (β = 1.34, 95%CI: 0.40, 2.28) and poor mental health (β = 1.26, 95%CI: 0.51, 2.01). Historic redlining was not associated with neighborhood IMR (β = −0.48, 95%CI: −2.12, 1.15). A graded association was observed between lending trajectory and health: neighborhoods with high sustained disinvestment had worse physical and mental health than neighborhoods with high investment (poor physical health: β = 5.33, 95%CI: 3.05, 7.61; poor mental health: β = 4.32, 95%CI: 2.44, 6.20). IMR was highest in ‘disinvested’ neighborhoods (β = 5.87, 95%CI: 0.52, 11.22).
Our findings illustrate ongoing legacies of government sponsored historic redlining. Structural racism, as manifested in historic and current forms of lending disinvestment, predicts poor health in Milwaukee’s hypersegregated neighborhoods. We endorse equity focused policies that dismantle and repair the ways racism is entrenched in America’s social fabric.