{"id":8759,"date":"2017-09-19T09:19:24","date_gmt":"2017-09-19T14:19:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/?p=8759"},"modified":"2024-12-26T14:38:10","modified_gmt":"2024-12-26T20:38:10","slug":"melanoplus-grasshoppers-redux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/melanoplus-grasshoppers-redux\/","title":{"rendered":"Melanoplus Grasshoppers redux"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"default_cursor_cs\">Howdy, BugFans,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These days the BugLady\u2019s walks are punctuated by the small \u201cpop\u201d of grasshoppers taking off and landing, and by the whir of their wings. Grasshoppers and bumblebees seem to dominate the landscape in the weeks leading up to official autumn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The BugLady first posted this Bug o&#8217;the Week (or a reasonable facsimile thereof) in the summer of 2009, titling it \u201cRed-legged Grasshoppers\u201d (OK \u2013 it was because she incorrectly-identified a Two-lined grasshopper). She has never developed an eye for grasshoppers, since they are uncooperative photographic subjects that she mostly sees from the rear, so the labels on many of her grasshopper pictures are tentative. This episode has been renamed and spruced up with some new info and new pictures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"aligncenter uwm-c-img--center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/2-lind-grsshppr14-5rz.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8762\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/2-lind-grsshppr14-5rz.jpg 700w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/2-lind-grsshppr14-5rz-300x214.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The Short-horned (short-antenna-ed) grasshopper family (Acrididae) includes insects called grasshoppers and insects called locusts, and the common names seem to be used interchangeably. For example, the Carolina locust, in the band-winged grasshopper group, is almost always called a locust, but grasshoppers in the genus <em>Melanoplus<\/em> may be called either or both. For more about the locust-grasshopper debate, see the link to the green-legged grasshopper bio, below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"aligncenter uwm-c-img--center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/grasshopper-green-lggd16-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8763\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/grasshopper-green-lggd16-1.jpg 700w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/grasshopper-green-lggd16-1-300x214.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Short-horned grasshoppers are insects of open spaces &#8211; medium to large-sized grasshoppers and locusts that are an important food source for birds, including some birds of prey (to whom they may transmit tapeworms and other parasites). Skunks, snakes, and toads eat the adults; and skunks, shrews, mice and moles find eggs laid in soil and eat them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Melanoplus<\/em> grasshoppers are in the Spur-throated grasshopper subfamily Melanoplinae, so-named for the spur that protrudes from the underside of their body, between the front pair of legs. Bugguide.net says that the genus name means \u201cclad in dark armor.\u201d <em>Melanoplus<\/em> is a large genus that occurs around the world, but most of the 240 or so species are found in fields, cities, suburbs, and open woods in North America. Largely vegetarian and largely feeding on herbaceous plants, the genus (and family) includes some notorious agricultural pests (though most are not), so a lot of internet hits are from State Entomology departments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As <a href=\"http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/15740\">bugguide.net<\/a> says of the genus <em>Melanoplus<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cMany of the species look very similar, while only a relative few are uniquely distinctive looking. Positive identifications for many species can only be achieved by examining the male genitalia on an actual specimen. Images alone are often not enough to reach a conclusion.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>There are a number of distinctive\/semi-distinctive species of <em>Melanoplus<\/em> on the BugLady\u2019s landscape, a few of which already have their own Bug o&#8217;the Weeks \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/green-legged-grasshopper\/\">Green-legged grasshoppers<\/a> (the M. <em>viridipes<\/em> species group), <a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/pine-tree-spur-throated-grasshopper\/\">Pine tree spur-throated grasshopper<\/a> (M. <em>punctulatus<\/em>), and Differential (M. differentialis), Two-lined (M. <em>bivittatus<\/em>), and Red-legged grasshoppers (M. <em>femurrubrum<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/pinetree-spr-thrtd-grsshppr17-1rz.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/pinetree-spr-thrtd-grsshppr17-1rz.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8766\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/pinetree-spr-thrtd-grsshppr17-1rz.jpg 700w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/pinetree-spr-thrtd-grsshppr17-1rz-300x214.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">a Pine tree spur-throated grasshopper<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/grsshppr-differential-nymph16rz.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/grsshppr-differential-nymph16rz.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8765\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/grsshppr-differential-nymph16rz.jpg 700w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/grsshppr-differential-nymph16rz-300x214.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">a Differential grasshopper<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>When a young <em>Melanoplus<\/em> grasshopper\u2019s fancy turns to love, he doesn\u2019t <em>stridulate <\/em>(make noise by friction) or <em>crepitate <\/em>(leap into the air, hover, and rattle his wings), he simply grabs a female and introduces himself by shaking his legs in a characteristic way. If she is of a different species, she won\u2019t recognize the sign language and will rebuff him. Females use their abdomens to drill holes in soil or other soft material, and they lay about 20 eggs in each hole. This female Two-lined grasshopper excavated in a pretty firm dirt road surface, and while she was ovipositing, she often had her two hind legs off the ground. The BugLady wondered if \u201cpumping\u201d the legs aided in ovipositing. The eggs overwinter; nymphs appear in late spring and mature by early summer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"aligncenter uwm-c-img--center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/2-lined-grsshppr-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8761\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/2-lined-grsshppr-5.jpg 700w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/2-lined-grsshppr-5-300x214.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The extinct Rocky Mountain locust\/grasshopper (<em>Melanoplus spretus<\/em>) produced what were possibly the largest assemblages of locusts anywhere. A swarm in 1875 was measured at 1,800 miles long by 110 miles wide (198,000 square miles), covering the equivalent of the northeastern US from Maine through Pennsylvania and Delaware and containing an estimated 12.5 trillion grasshoppers (which was good enough to set a posthumous Guinness World Record). According to Wikipedia, \u201cThe locusts ate not only the grass and valuable crops, but also leather, wood, sheep&#8217;s wool, and in extreme cases, even clothes off peoples&#8217; backs,\u201d and several states passed laws offering bounties and requiring the populace to spend some time each week eradicating grasshoppers. One entomologist came up with a recipe for grasshoppers saut\u00e9ed in butter, but it was not embraced. It\u2019s not known for sure why they crashed; but several possibilities are suggested in this <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2002\/04\/23\/science\/looking-back-at-the-days-of-the-locust.html?mcubz=1\">New York Times article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to <span class=\"u\">The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders<\/span>, the \u201cGrasshopper Glacier,\u201d near Cooke, MT, contains the bodies of millions of Rocky Mountain and other grasshoppers that have been embedded there, some for millennia. It is speculated that swarms of the grasshoppers landed on the glacier and froze, or they were caught in storms and forced down on the glacier, or, theorizes Elizabeth Lawlor in <span class=\"u\">Discovering Nature at Sundown<\/span>, an updraft off the frigid glacier \u201cflash-froze\u201d flying grasshoppers, causing them to fall onto the surface of the glacier and get covered with snow. At any rate, each year, to the delight of paleontologists and grasshopperologists, melting at the leading edge of the glacier releases thousands of grasshopper corpses for carbon-dating and other study. The remains from one large event produced a dark band that can be seen in today\u2019s ice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lawlor also reports on the dramatic population explosions experienced by some arid-country species of <em>Melanoplus<\/em> grasshoppers when unusually high rainfall results in lots of vegetation and in extraordinary numbers of eggs being laid. This \u201cboomer\u201d generation is dark-colored where their parents were light, and social where their parents were shy, and ravenous &#8211; wiping out the vegetation where they sit. Though they are not strong fliers, they are blown downwind in great numbers (and have been recorded at an altitude of 20,000 feet), looking like a \u201chungry black snowstorm\u201d that is \u201cvirtually unstoppable.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/red-lggd-grasshopper17-1rz.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/red-lggd-grasshopper17-1rz.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8767\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/red-lggd-grasshopper17-1rz.jpg 500w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/red-lggd-grasshopper17-1rz-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/09\/red-lggd-grasshopper17-1rz-300x300.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">a Red-legged grasshopper<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>A ton of locusts (the BugLady finds it hard to wrap her mind around \u201ca ton of locusts\u201d) can eat as much as can 250 people &#8211; or 10 elephants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>FAQ: \u201cTobacco juice\u201d is just a grasshopper\u2019s stomach contents. Harmless.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The BugLady remembers BugFan Mary telling a school class in fall that the grasshoppers they were netting were (as are the BugLady\u2019s walking companions) \u201cdead, but they didn\u2019t know it yet.\u201d Why? See <a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/nematodes\/\">Bug o&#8217;the Week &#8211; Nematodes<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The BugLady<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>These days the BugLady\u2019s walks are punctuated by the small \u201cpop\u201d of grasshoppers taking off and landing, and by the whir of their wings.  Grasshoppers and bumblebees seem to dominate the landscape in the weeks leading up to official autumn.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9370,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[8],"tags":[93,244],"class_list":["post-8759","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bug-of-the-week","tag-grasshoppers","tag-locusts"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Field Station<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/melanoplus-grasshoppers-redux\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Melanoplus Grasshoppers redux\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"These days the BugLady\u2019s walks are punctuated by the small \u201cpop\u201d of grasshoppers taking off and landing, and by the whir of their wings. 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