{"id":6659,"date":"2010-04-10T20:13:56","date_gmt":"2010-04-11T01:13:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/?p=6659"},"modified":"2017-06-13T08:51:35","modified_gmt":"2017-06-13T13:51:35","slug":"cabbage-whites-sulphurs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/cabbage-whites-sulphurs\/","title":{"rendered":"Cabbage Whites and Sulphurs (Family Pieridae)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Howdy, BugFans,  <\/p>\n<p>Warning: This episode comes with a Parentheses Alert. As the poet, John Ciardi once said \u201cMy life is lived in parentheses.\u201d It also has a \u201cMultiple References Warning.\u201d The BugLady includes the names of her favorite sources so BugFans can research further information for themselves. Don\u2019t disappoint her.<\/p>\n<p>The butterflies of early spring are the Angle Wings and Mourning Cloaks that have spent the winter as adults pumping, not iron, but antifreeze. Cabbage Whites\/Cabbage butterflies are among the first butterflies to appear that have actually emerged from a chrysalis in the current year, and they are followed soon afterward by the closely-related Sulphurs. Both are in the family Pieridae, the Whites and Sulphurs. These medium-sized (2\u201d wingspan) white or yellow butterflies may be monochromatic or they may add black wing tips and some spots. Cabbage butterflies are white and Sulphurs are yellow&mdash;except when they\u2019re not. Read on.<\/p>\n<h3>Cabbage White Butterfly<\/h3>\n<p>The Cabbage White Butterfly (<em>Pieris rapae<\/em>) (the <em>rapae<\/em> part comes from its larva\u2019s fondness for plants in the mustard\/cabbage family) is actually an alien (Eurasian) butterfly that drifted south after its accidental introduction to Montreal about 150 years ago. Like other introduced species, it liked what it saw&mdash;many of its favorite foodstuffs were agricultural crops that had already leapt the Pond&mdash;and it liked what it didn\u2019t see, its native predators. Its caterpillar became a serious crop pest that was, for years, known as the \u201cImported Cabbage Worm\u201d (the BugLady once heard that the annual, per capita consumption of cabbage is 10 pounds, and she is ecstatic about any assist from cabbage worms). The species has been subjected to chemical and biological warfare in the form of pesticides, bacterial and viral infections, and (alien) parasitic wasps, some of which methods are not too specific about what they kill (Mother Nature doesn\u2019t like \u201ccollateral damage\u201d). In some cases (like DDT), the cure has been worse than the disease, and yet, the Cabbage Whites keep coming.<\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-1.jpg\" alt=\"A cabbage white butterfly nectaring\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6660\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-1.jpg 500w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-1-300x300.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Eggs are laid on the undersides of leaves, and there the caterpillars stay. They especially like cabbage leaves, though they do attack native mustards. If a hole appears in a cabbage leaf and you can\u2019t see the hole-maker, flip the leaf over and check for a small, green larva.  <\/p>\n<p>Adults are strong fliers that nectar at a variety of flowers. They are most active during mid-day in open\/cleared\/weedy\/cultivated\/fields\/meadows\/gardens\/road edges in cities and suburbs and rural areas (in short, they are habitat generalists). The BugLady found one tantalizing reference to their activity during the \u201cgraveyard\u201d shift, the hours before dawn. Cabbage whites are hardy and they live fast, going from egg to adult in little more than a month. Several succeeding generations keep us in Cabbage whites from early spring through the first hard freeze of fall. They are suspected to have displaced a few native species of Whites, though habitat destruction was undoubtedly also a culprit.<\/p>\n<h3>Common\/Clouded and Orange<\/h3>\n<p>Common\/Clouded and Orange Sulphurs (<em>Colias philodice<\/em> and <em>C. eurytheme<\/em>) are the most common Sulphurs in southeastern Wisconsin. They are very closely related and they do hybridize. The upper sides of a Clouded Sulphur\u2019s wings are yellow, and as you might expect, the upper sides of an Orange Sulphur\u2019s wings have varying degrees of an orange tinge. Sulphurs tend to fold their wings immediately after landing, so identification is best made when the butterfly is in flight or in-the-hand (a strongly-colored Orange Sulphur may show an orange tinge on its underwings at rest). Populations of both Clouded and Orange Sulphurs produce some white females (called alba females), so beware&mdash;a white butterfly with black wing-tips is not always a cabbage butterfly! These alba females are larger than their yellow sisters and they lay larger eggs, a reproductive adaptation to living here in the north country.  <\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-2.jpg\" alt=\"Probably a Clouded Sulphur\" width=\"591\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6661\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-2.jpg 591w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-2-300x254.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 591px) 100vw, 591px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Where Cabbage Whites favor mustards, Clouded and Orange Sulphur caterpillars like legumes (the bean\/clover family). Like the Cabbage butterflies, adult Sulphurs are found in a variety of open habitats, where they nectar on flowers in the milkweed, composites\/aster and bean families. The sight of hundreds of Sulphurs flickering over a field of alfalfa on a mid-summer afternoon is truly grand! Sulphurs also famously gather in groups at puddles to sip the nutrients found in mud. According to Weber\u2019s <em>Butterflies of the North Woods<\/em>, the Orange Sulphur is a southern butterfly that has extended its range dramatically in the past century (helped along by changing agricultural patterns). Of our two Sulphurs, the Orange Sulphur is less cold-tolerant. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-3.jpg\" alt=\"Probably an Orange Sulphur\" width=\"500\" height=\"596\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6662\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-3.jpg 500w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-3-252x300.jpg 252w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Check out A Guide to Observing Insect Lives<\/em>, by Donald W. Stokes for a great description of spiral flights, an interesting and highly ritualized behavior that is shared by the Cabbage Whites and the Clouded and Orange Sulphurs and, for all the BugLady knows, by other Pierids as well. Spiral flights are \u201cBug off, Buster\u201d flights initiated by females in response to unwanted attention from a male with romance on his mind. Or by males responding to advances from nearsighted males that have made a gender misidentification (according to Stokes, it is believed that many butterflies cannot recognize even their own species until they are within about a foot of each other).  <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-4.jpg\" alt=\"A large robber fly can catch and fly away with a Sulphur butterfly\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6663\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-4.jpg 500w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-4-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2017\/02\/cabage-sulphers-4-300x300.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The BugLady highly recommends Mike Reese\u2019s excellent Butterfly site: <a href=\"http:\/\/wisconsinbutterflies.org\/\">Butterflies of Wisconsin<\/a> for information about our butterflies, their flight periods and their distribution, along with dynamite pictures. Brock and Kaufman\u2019s <em>Field Guide to Butterflies of North America<\/em> is a good field guide.  <\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\n<em>The BugLady<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Cabbage Whites\/Cabbage<\/strong> butterflies are among the first butterflies to appear that have actually emerged from a chrysalis in the current year, and they are followed soon afterward by the closely-related Sulphurs. These medium-sized (2\u201d wingspan) white or yellow butterflies may be monochromatic or they may add black wing tips and some spots.  Adults are strong fliers that nectar at a variety of flowers. They are most active during mid-day in open\/cleared\/weedy\/cultivated\/fields\/meadows\/gardens\/road edges in cities and suburbs and rural areas<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[8],"tags":[41,158],"class_list":["post-6659","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bug-of-the-week","tag-butterflies","tag-caterpillars"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Field Station<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/cabbage-whites-sulphurs\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cabbage Whites and Sulphurs (Family Pieridae)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cabbage Whites\/Cabbage butterflies are among the first butterflies to appear that have actually emerged from a chrysalis in the current year, and they are followed soon afterward by the closely-related Sulphurs. 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