{"id":361,"date":"2016-03-22T11:52:21","date_gmt":"2016-03-22T16:52:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/?p=361"},"modified":"2024-12-26T16:15:01","modified_gmt":"2024-12-26T22:15:01","slug":"super-springtails","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/super-springtails\/","title":{"rendered":"Super Springtails"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Salutations, BugFans,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On March 11, as the BugLady walked through a nearby beech-maple woods, she noticed a blue-gray band, about three inches wide by twelve-plus inches long, at the bases and in crevices between the roots of a few sugar maple trunks. When she checked again three days later, it was still there, but with a layer of white specks over the top of the gray (no, not snow). Closer inspection showed a granular texture; an even closer look revealed small, linear shapes detaching themselves and leaping a few inches into the air. Springtails. Then, springtails covered by a layer of shed skins. By March 20, they had moved on, leaving only the empties behind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-springtails\">Springtails<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Springtails are endlessly fascinating and mysterious, and they\u2019ve been featured here before, see&nbsp;&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/springtails\/\">Springtail (class Collembola)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/semi-aquatic-springtails\/\">Semi-Aquatic Springtails (family Isotomidae)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>They are tiny animals that get us thinking in big numbers. A quick review:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Springtails are not insects, but they do have six legs, and older insect books list them as primitive, wingless insects. Most of the \u201cfor-public-consumption\u201d Extension\/Exterminator websites call them insects because it\u2019s easier than explaining who they really are\u2014members of the ancient class Collembola, which probably evolved alongside insects. There are springtail fossils dating back 400 million years (they don\u2019t fossilize easily, but they sometimes show up in amber), and if they were insects, they\u2019d be the oldest insect fossils known. They\u2019re not fleas, though some are called \u201csnow fleas\u201d and \u201cspringtail flea\u201d is a regional common name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They \u201cspring\u201d when alarmed, not for everyday locomotion. See previous BOTWs for an explanation of the name and the process (and other nuggets about springtail physiology), and <a href=\"http:\/\/insectsdiditfirst.com\/2013\/05\/15\/jump-go-ahead-jump-little-springtail\/\">do watch the dynamite video<\/a> (note that when the video ends, there\u2019s a Springtail 2 to click on). Springtail classification starts by ascertaining whether the critter has a <em>furcula\/furca<\/em> (leaping appendage) or not. Springtail species that live deep in the soil don\u2019t spring).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Experts guess that their mass movements may be a response to overpopulation (BugFan Mary was wondering if these springtails might have been responding to a sap leak). On a newly-thawed forest floor, a congregation may surface and crawl for a few days, covering twenty feet or so before disappearing under the wet leaves again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They are detritivores\/microbivores\/omnivores (though there are a few carnivores among the 8,200 species worldwide (700 or so in North America)). They feed on decaying plant and animal material, fungi, pollen, spores of mold and mildew, algae, etc. Like some primitive insects, they wear their mouthparts on the inside of their mouth (<em>endognathous<\/em>) rather than the outside (which makes it impossible for springtails to nibble on people, despite anecdotes to the contrary\u2014more about that in a sec). Springtails taste with specialized <em>setae<\/em> (hairs) at the <a href=\"http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/86846\">tip of the antenna<\/a>.&nbsp;They are fed upon by daddy longlegs, spiders, some beetles, and other small creatures of the forest floor, though some produce toxins to deter predators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Springtails are found on all seven continents, in moist places with leaf litter or soil (a few species have adapted to deserts, others to forest canopies, and still others prefer caves). They probably evolved in cooler climes, which explains their fondness for spring and fall, and they will migrate to damper microhabitats if theirs loses humidity. Although they are seldom seen (the BugLady famously finds them after the fact, in pictures of mosses and lichens that she\u2019s editing), they are present year round in large numbers\u2014300 million or more on per hectare (2 \u00bd acres) of good habitat and 100,000 per square meter. It is believed that springtails even outnumber ants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two basic springtail body types, cigar-shaped and <a href=\"http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/294786\/bgpage\">globular<\/a>. Although the BugLady has only seen drab species, they come in every color of the rainbow, and some species have the ability to glow:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1068984\/bgimage\">http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1068984\/bgimage<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/153651\/bgimage\">http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/153651\/bgimage<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1183275\/bgimage\">http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1183275\/bgimage<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/636442\/bgimage\">http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/636442\/bgimage<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1039650\/bgimage\">http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1039650\/bgimage<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/266159\/bgimage\">http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/266159\/bgimage<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/900440\/bgimage\">http:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/900440\/bgimage<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Many are between 1\/16th and 1\/8th inch long (think lower case \u201cL\u201d in a standard, readable font).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Springtails can be profoundly social, and they use aggregation pheromones to summon a crowd.&nbsp; If one springtail finds a good, damp spot, they\u2019re all there. Their development is <em>ametabolous<\/em>\u2014they just grow without changing shape or rearranging body structures and are adults at their fifth molt. Springtails continue to molt throughout their lives, and they\u2019re most sensitive to desiccation while molting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-springtails-and-environmental-services\">Springtails and Environmental Services<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Their food habits contribute to soil enrichment\u2014springtails help break down organic matter and make it more usable by other organisms. By feeding on bacteria and on the spores of many harmful fungi, they are said to help in controlling detrimental soil microbes. They are also big players in spreading the spores of mycorrhizal fungi, the fungal strands that form partnerships with plant roots and act as middlemen in nutrient exchange.&nbsp;And, of course, they poop\u2014and die\u2014and compost\u2014on\/in the soil. By the gazillion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"aligncenter uwm-c-img--center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2016\/07\/springtails16-6rz.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2016\/07\/springtails16-6rz.jpg\" alt=\"springtails16-6rz\" class=\"wp-image-366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2016\/07\/springtails16-6rz.jpg 700w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2016\/07\/springtails16-6rz-300x214.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-springtails-and-man\">Springtails and Man<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When you Google \u201cspringtail,\u201d most of the hits you come up with address springtails as pests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Springtails and agriculture:\u00a0A few species are considered pests in gardens, nurseries, and in agriculture, especially in saturated soils (some like the tender, young roots of sugar beets), and they are impervious to a good many pesticides.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Springtails in the home:\u00a0Inexplicably, some people get the jitters when they see a mass of almost-microscopic bugs moving across the floor or up the wall.\u00a0 When people have a springtail presence in their house, it\u2019s often an indicator of a bigger problem\u2014moisture\u2014lots of it\u2014in walls, under sinks, in overwatered houseplants, etc.\u00a0 Exterminators\u2019 advice: check for leaks and then turn on the dehumidifier.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Springtails on your skin: Do they bite? Because \u201cflea\u201d is part of their name, it\u2019s hard to convince people that springtails don\u2019t bite. They don\u2019t. But\u2014some have hairy little bodies, and others produce defensive toxins, and they are ubiquitous. Advocates of the \u201cSpringtails Bug Humans\u201d camp feel that dried springtail hairs\/scales\/bodies get on people\u2019s skin and cause irritation, even indoors. They point to studies that claim to have found springtail parts in human skin samples\/scrapings. The opposing \u201cNo They Don\u2019t\u201d camp has other names for this\u2014\u201cMorgellons Syndrome\u201d (a fascinating topic, Google it) and \u201cdelusory parasitosis\u201d (Ekbom\u2019s syndrome). A third theory is that maybe the dampness that attracts springtails is growing something else that is causing itchy skin. Stay tuned.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Final springtail note. In a bygone BOTW about sowbugs, the BugLady reported on the anecdote\/urban myth about a show-off naturalist who demonstrated entomophagy (there\u2019s a BOTW for that) by swallowing a sowbug in front of his horrified students. To his own dismay (according to lore), the sowbug never quite dropped into the pool of stomach acid and spent the next few hours trying to climb back out of his esophagus. On that note, <em>Wikipedia<\/em> reports on a scientist who was picking up springtails in a collecting jar called an aspirator (which works exactly like it sounds\u2014some have a bulb, but many work on lung-power) and accidentally inhaled some springtail eggs\u2014which lodged in his nasal cavity and hatched there, and \u201cmade him quite ill until they were flushed out\u201d (do not try this at home).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For even more about springtails, try Springtails by Kenneth Christiansen, by the Grand Old Man of springtails.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By the way, the BugLady logged her first mosquito on March 12. The warming of water in spring issues a powerful summons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em class=\"default_cursor_cs\">The BugLady<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Springtails<\/strong> are found on all seven continents, in moist places with leaf litter or soil (a few species have adapted to deserts, others to forest canopies, and still others prefer caves). They probably evolved in cooler climes, which explains their fondness for spring and fall, and they will migrate to damper microhabitats if theirs loses humidity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":778,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[8],"tags":[83],"class_list":["post-361","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bug-of-the-week","tag-springtails"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.5 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Field Station<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/super-springtails\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Super Springtails\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Springtails are found on all seven continents, in moist places with leaf litter or soil (a few species have adapted to deserts, others to forest canopies, and still others prefer caves). 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