{"id":17154,"date":"2026-05-27T09:08:27","date_gmt":"2026-05-27T14:08:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/?p=17154"},"modified":"2026-05-27T09:39:11","modified_gmt":"2026-05-27T14:39:11","slug":"waterlily-leaf-beetle-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/waterlily-leaf-beetle-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Waterlily leaf beetle"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Greetings, BugFans,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2026:<\/strong>\u00a0The final installment in National Wetlands Month, though the BugLady would argue that wetlands should be celebrated every month. The BugLady attempts to photograph this burnished beetle everywhere she sees them – some in aquatic settings as they peruse the flowers of yellow water-lilies, and others on marsh marigolds and skunk cabbage in the adjacent swamps.\u00a0They are not huge \u2013 most would have to stretch to reach a half-inch \u2013 and they often appear to be gold.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2013:<\/strong>\u00a0The BugLady can hardly pass by a water lily without taking a picture of it, and she confesses that she sometimes \u201csanitizes\u201d the leaves somewhat during the editing process, Photo-Shopping out some of the mess of frass (Bug poop) and aphid exuviae (shed skins) and holes and discolorations that characterize the leaves of water lilies (especially white water lilies) in mid-summer.\u00a0She was reminded recently by BugFan Caitlin that water lily plants are the Center of the Universe for an amazing community of critters that live both above and below the leaf surface.\u00a0Someday she will track the colonization of the leaves from the beginning of the season and write a BOTW about it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Waterlily
Waterlily leaf beetle\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Although they are sometimes (confusingly) called Long-horned leaf beetles, Waterlily leaf beetles are in the huge Leaf beetle family Chrysomelidae, and not the long-horned beetle family (equally confusingly, there’s another leaf beetle with the same name).\u00a0The subfamily Donaciinae (the aquatic leaf beetles) contains five genera and about 55 species (mostly in the genus\u00a0Donacia<\/em>, which today\u2019s beetle probably is, too.\u00a0You\u2019d need a microscope and a higher pay grade than the BugLady\u2019s to determine the species).\u00a0Donacia<\/em>\u00a0comes from\u00a0Donax<\/em>, which is Greek for \u201creed,\u201d and they\u2019re called \u201creed beetles\u201d in Great Britain.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

WLBs can be found in \u201cweedy\u201d ponds and lakes and very slow streams all over North America.\u00a0The adults are leggy, up to a half-inch long, often metallic, with antennae about half as long as their body; they are jumpy and can move fast, and they\u2019re a little camera shy.\u00a0The layer of silky hairs that covers their undersides repels water in their often-soggy habitats (settle down, there).\u00a0Find them on the surface of a variety of emergent and floating-leaved plants.\u00a0Some are generalist feeders and others are plant specialists; some are generalists while the leaves of their favorite plant are still submerged, but they make a bee-line for it when it emerges.\u00a0Adults enjoy the leaves of water lilies, arrowhead, potamogeton, and water milfoil, some sedges, rushes and reeds, and they may, like this beetle, eat pollen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When it\u2019s egg-laying time\u00a0www.bugguide.net\/node\/view\/2309633\/bgimage<\/a>. females of many species of WLB chew a hole in a lily leaf, insert the end of their abdomen, and glue their eggs to the underside of the leaf in concentric arcs \u2013 like a mini-rainbow.\u00a0Some other species accomplish the same thing while perched on the edge of the lily leaf, and a few crawl up the plant stem, while still others climb under the leaf and down the plant stem.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Waterlily
Waterlily leaf beetle\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

According to a report by Paul S. Welch in the\u00a0Annals of the American Entomological Society, Vol. 9 (1916), the \u201caquatic\u201d moth (its caterpillar is aquatic)\u00a0Nymphula maculalis<\/em>\u00a0(the Polymorphic Pondweed moth) (really!) takes advantage of the holes excavated in yellow water lily by the female\u00a0Donacia<\/em>.\u00a0The moth also arranges her eggs on the leaf\u2019s undersurface in up to six concentric arcs, using the spots around the rim of the hole that are not occupied by beetle eggs. In his study, the author didn\u2019t find a single mass (clutch?) of moth eggs that was\u00a0not<\/em>\u00a0associated with a\u00a0Donacia<\/em>\u00a0egg hole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The BugLady has never seen a WLB larva (your typical small, whitish, C-shaped beetle grub), probably because most spend their larval lives plugged into a submerged plant stem, never \u201ccoming up for air.\u201d\u00a0How do they do that?\u00a0The eggs hatch in about 10 days, and the larvae drop down through the water column, typically finding the roots and rhizomes (underground stems) of their host plants in the muck (some also feed on stems and petioles).\u00a0In the words of Ann Haven Morgan in her\u00a0Field Book of Ponds and Streams, \u201cWhen the stems of aquatic plants are broken beneath the water, a flood of air bubbles comes pouring to the surface from the air spaces within them<\/em>\u201d [that\u2019s why, BugFans, the leaves of floating-leaved vegetation float instead of getting dragged under water \u2013 the stems are buoyed up by pockets of air]. \u201c\u2026\u2026MacGillivray and others found stems with dozens of little Donacia larvae hanging to them feeding upon the plant tissues, and all breathing air, though they were three or four feet below the surface of the water<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pennak, in the venerable\u00a0Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States, enlarges on the concept. Insects typically breathe through paired pores called spiracles that are located on the sides of the abdomen.\u00a0In the WLB larva, the only spiracles that are operational are the two at the end of the abdomen, and each of these two pores is associated with a sturdy spine. The larva uses the spines to excavate holes in plant stems, which taps into their inner air pockets, and the air flows out over the spiracles.\u00a0Pennak notes that both ends of a larva will be embedded in plant tissue simultaneously.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fast-forward to the day, a few weeks later, when a mature grub is ready to pupate.\u00a0Using silk produced by glands in its mouth, the larva creates a waterproof cocoon near where it has been feeding.\u00a0How do you build a dry haven when you\u2019re underwater?\u00a0You tap into the same air, present in the plant tissues, that has been sustaining you as you feed.\u00a0You snug your cocoon up against a stem and cut holes through it and into the plant and you allow air to leak in.\u00a0As the final touches are being put on the cocoon, the water has been driven out.\u00a0O little engineers!\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Waterlily
Waterlily leaf beetle\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Although it develops into an adult fairly quickly, the WLB aestivates inside its cocoon until it emerges at the beginning of the next summer.\u00a0In a study of a European\u00a0Donacia<\/em>, researcher Christian Otto suggested that this arrangement may help the beetle avoid periods of low dissolved oxygen concentrations or may help the beetle time its appearance with the start of the growing season.\u00a0When it\u2019s time to exit, the beetle breaks through the cocoon\u2019s tip, carrying enough air under its elytra (wing covers) and belly hairs to sustain it on its trip to the surface.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Go outside \u2013 find a wetland.\u00a0Look at stuff!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The BugLady<\/em>—<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The BugLady<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Greetings, BugFans, 2026:\u00a0The final installment in National Wetlands Month, though the BugLady would argue that wetlands should be celebrated every month. 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