{"id":17069,"date":"2026-05-06T08:51:16","date_gmt":"2026-05-06T13:51:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/?p=17069"},"modified":"2026-05-06T08:52:01","modified_gmt":"2026-05-06T13:52:01","slug":"wetland-homage-cyclops","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/wetland-homage-cyclops\/","title":{"rendered":"Wetland Homage &#8211; Cyclops"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Salutations, BugFans,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>May 1st kicks off American Wetlands Month! While we love wetlands year-round, May is a particularly great time to celebrate them as we enjoy the re-awakening of wetlands and all their glorious sights, sounds, and smells. Let&#8217;s kick the month off with the story, from 2013, of a tiny, but very numerous and\u00a0very important, wetland critter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The ephemeral pond is humming these days, and the BugLady has been giving her 50mm macro lens a workout, channeling her inner\u00a0<em>photomicroscopist<\/em>\u00a0(a person who takes pictures through a microscope). A reminder to newer BugFans \u2013 the BOTW definition of \u201cbug\u201d is the one that your average first grader uses.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The CYCLOPS is an aquatic non-insect whose name is taken from a character in Classical Greek Mythology (the BugLady trusts that BugFans will dust off the tattered Edith Hamilton\u00a0Mythology\u00a0paperbacks they\u2019ve been carting around since high school and will look up the story of Cyclops).\u00a0The BugLady has always viewed cyclops as tiny, benign critters that twitch through their watery lives at the very limits of her vision, but it turns out that they have a Dark Side.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These pear-shaped critters are related to fairy shrimp, daphnia, scuds, sowbugs, and water sowbugs \u2013 all of previous BOTW fame. As crustaceans, they number shrimp, crayfish and lobsters among their distant relatives, too. The subphylum Crustacea is in the huge Phylum Arthropoda; Arthropoda also includes insects and spiders, and the phylum may account for 80% of known, living species of animals.\u00a0Within the Crustacea, cyclops (which is both singular and plural) are in the class Maxillopoda and in the subclass Copepoda (a diverse group comprised of about 13,000 species).\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cyclops and the rest of their copepod brethren are everywhere on the globe, mainly in calm waters, cold or warm, from the water traps of bromeliads to roadside ditches to underground caves to oceans.\u00a0They migrate passively, caught up in the feathers of waterfowl, stuck to aquatic insects that move from pond to pond, or in dust clouds that blow encysted larvae across the landscape from a dried-up pond. They are among the most numerous of multi-celled animals in any body of water.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes, they\u00a0<em>are<\/em>\u00a0small \u2013 the average cyclops needs to stand on tiptoes to reach 2mm.\u00a0Though they can scarcely be seen in a basin of pond water, cyclops are instantly recognizable because of their jerky movements and because the female is almost always toting around an egg sac or two.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"alignleft uwm-c-img--left\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2026\/05\/cyclops13-4b-300x214.webp\" alt=\"Microscopic view of a cyclops copepod carrying two egg sacs\" class=\"wp-image-17071\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2026\/05\/cyclops13-4b-300x214.webp 300w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2026\/05\/cyclops13-4b.webp 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>They come in a variety of neutral colors, plus transparent (and according to Elsie B. Klots in\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">The New Field Book of Freshwater Life<\/span>, some species that dwell at pond edges may be bright pink, green or blue in spring).\u00a0Like other copepods they have five pairs of legs attached to the thorax, and their heads have mouthparts and two pairs of antennae.\u00a0Cyclops have a single black or red eye that distinguishes light from dark (see: Mythology, Cyclops, above).\u00a0The antennae are sensory organs, and the first pair is also used in locomotion.\u00a0The forked tail is adorned with spines, bristles and hairs that aid in locomotion, balance, feeding, and in sensing the nuances of their environment.\u00a0They exchange gases through their body surface and are tolerant of low oxygen concentrations.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The actions of a number of appendages combine to cause their characteristic gait.\u00a0When they begin to row with their five pairs of legs (copepod means \u201c<em>paddle foot<\/em>\u201d), the antennae are tucked against the body at the start of the leg stroke but are extended at the end of the stroke, which acts to put on the brakes but also helps to keep the tiny critter from sinking (all this in less than 1\/12 of a second).\u00a0They use the abdomen as a rudder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"alignright uwm-c-img--right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2026\/05\/cyclops-midge-larva14-1-300x215.webp\" alt=\"Microscopic cyclops beside a slender aquatic larva in pond water\" class=\"wp-image-17072\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2026\/05\/cyclops-midge-larva14-1-300x215.webp 300w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2026\/05\/cyclops-midge-larva14-1.webp 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>About those egg sacs.\u00a0While mating, he passes one or more sperm packets to her, enough to fertilize several broods.\u00a0Five to 40 eggs hatch inside the egg sacs and the young exit within five days.\u00a0The used egg sac is immediately replaced by a new one that fills with new eggs.\u00a0The young that hatch from the eggs go through five stages in a form called a\u00a0<em>nauplius<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nauplius_larva_of_a_cyclops_copepod.jpg\">File:Nauplius larva of a cyclops copepod.jpg &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a>\u00a0before assuming a more cyclops-like larval form called a\u00a0<em>cyclopoid<\/em>.\u00a0Some species pop out little\u00a0<em>nauplii<\/em>\u00a0all summer; some breed just once.\u00a0Other kinds of copepods can produce \u201csummer eggs\u201d and then form special thick-walled winter eggs that can withstand harsh environments like the annual drying of an ephemeral pond.\u00a0Cyclops don\u2019t have \u201cwinter eggs,\u201d but they can aestivate (rest in suspended animation) in drought-resistant cysts or cocoons in one of the pre-adult, cyclopoid stages.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What fuels cyclops?\u00a0Depending on the species, they are powered by plankton and other organic matter, algae or detritus, or by eating animals even tinier than themselves.\u00a0Some are parasites. They form a link in the food chain between the even-tinier algae and bacteria that they consume and the larger plankton predators that are eaten by fish.\u00a0One of cyclops\u2019 predators is a plant &#8211; carnivorous Bladderworts catch and digest them in underwater bladders that open up when a mini-critter bumps into a trigger hair. Cyclops are sometimes introduced into aquaria to provide food for fish, but they may reproduce faster than the fish can eat and overrun the tank.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"alignleft uwm-c-img--left\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2026\/05\/cyclops-ostracod14-1-300x215.webp\" alt=\"Cyclops copepod and tiny ostracod crustacean viewed under magnification\" class=\"wp-image-17073\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2026\/05\/cyclops-ostracod14-1-300x215.webp 300w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2026\/05\/cyclops-ostracod14-1.webp 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>And the Dark Side? Cyclops can be an intermediate host to some pretty nasty parasites including the Guinea worm in Africa and Asia, a fish tapeworm that makes eating sushi and\u00a0<em>ceviche<\/em>\u00a0a potentially risky business, and a roundworm in Asian countries that can infect humans with a condition with the awesome name of\u00a0<em>gnathostomiasis<\/em>\u00a0(the Asian swamp eel that is the main host for this nematode has found its way to the Americas, so the stage is set).\u00a0There\u2019s a link between copepods and cholera in some tropical countries \u2013 the cholera germ hitches a ride on the tiny, swimming critters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Interesting cyclops fact \u2013 Cyclops are present in the water supply of some large American cities, where routine treatment renders them harmless (dead) but does not filter them from the system.\u00a0As crustaceans, they are not kosher according to strict Jewish dietary laws, making unfiltered tap water off limits to observant Jews.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The BugLady<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"taxonomy-post_tag wp-block-post-terms\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/tag\/aquatic-insects\/\" rel=\"tag\">aquatic insects<\/a><span class=\"wp-block-post-terms__separator\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/tag\/aquatic-microfauna\/\" rel=\"tag\">aquatic microfauna<\/a><span class=\"wp-block-post-terms__separator\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/tag\/bug\/\" rel=\"tag\">Bug<\/a><span class=\"wp-block-post-terms__separator\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/tag\/copepods\/\" rel=\"tag\">copepods<\/a><span class=\"wp-block-post-terms__separator\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/tag\/cyclops\/\" rel=\"tag\">cyclops<\/a><span class=\"wp-block-post-terms__separator\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/tag\/freshwater-crustaceans\/\" rel=\"tag\">freshwater crustaceans<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Salutations, BugFans, May 1st kicks off American Wetlands Month! While we love wetlands year-round, May is a particularly great time to celebrate them as we enjoy the re-awakening of wetlands and all their glorious sights, sounds, and smells. Let&#8217;s kick &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38860,"featured_media":17070,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[8],"tags":[1019,1020,909,1017,1016,1018],"class_list":["post-17069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bug-of-the-week","tag-aquatic-insects","tag-aquatic-microfauna","tag-bug","tag-copepods","tag-cyclops","tag-freshwater-crustaceans"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.5 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Field Station<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/wetland-homage-cyclops\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Wetland Homage - Cyclops\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Salutations, BugFans, May 1st kicks off American Wetlands Month! 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