{"id":14453,"date":"2023-11-09T16:15:48","date_gmt":"2023-11-09T22:15:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/?p=14453"},"modified":"2023-11-09T16:15:50","modified_gmt":"2023-11-09T22:15:50","slug":"southern-corn-billbug","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/southern-corn-billbug\/","title":{"rendered":"Southern Corn Billbug"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"size-p-sm\">Note: Most links leave to external sites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Greetings, BugFans,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As Seasoned BugFans know, the BugLady is a fan of weevils \u2013 she loves the cut of their tiny jibs (for \u201cjibs\u201d read \u201csnouts\u201d) (for \u201csnouts\u201d read \u201c<em>rostrums<\/em>\u201d).\u00a0Snouts tipped with chewing mouthparts and adorned with clubbed and elbowed antennae, <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1038921\/bgimage\">snouts long and slender<\/a>, and snouts short and stout\u00a0[<a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/2003970\/bgimage\"><strong>one<\/strong><\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1959459\/bgpage\">two<\/a><\/strong>].\u00a0So she was excited to find a\u00a0Southern corn billbug\u00a0while she was in a park on the Milwaukee River \u2013 an odd spot, but you\u2019re never far from a corn field in Wisconsin. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Who are the billbugs?\u00a0They are members of the beetle order Coleoptera, the\u00a0<em>largest order in the whole animal kingdom<\/em>\u00a0with about 390,000 described species (the Coleoptera account for about 40% of all insect species), and of the beetle family\u00a0Curculionidae (the bark and snout beetles), the largest<em>\u00a0family\u00a0<\/em>in the whole animal kingdom, with 50,000 species worldwide. As British biologist J.B.S. Haldane (may have) said, the Creator had \u201c<em>an inordinate fondness for beetles<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0Billbugs, so-named for their curved snouts, are weevils in the\u00a0genus\u00a0<em>Sphenophorus<\/em>\u00a0(from the Greek for \u201c<em>wedge-bearer<\/em>\u201d), with 65 species in North America and more elsewhere.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a group, Billbugs are\u00a0<em>persona non grata<\/em>\u00a0because of the habit of many species, mainly in the larval stage, of feeding on members of the grass family.\u00a0Billbugs tend to be pedestrians \u2013 they\u2019ve been observed in flight, but not very high and not for very long (and with a tailwind), and their larvae are legless, which means that they don\u2019t disperse quickly.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite their name, SOUTHERN CORN BILLBUGS(<em>Sphenophorus<\/em>\u00a0<em>callosus<\/em>) are notably <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/278604\/data\">absent from much of the South<\/a>.\u00a0The North Carolina University Extension describes their range thus: \u201c<em>the Coastal Plain of the Carolinas and Georgia.\u00a0However, this pest damages corn over the entire Coastal Plain of the southern states and up the Mississippi River valley into the Midwest<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0Their name doesn\u2019t seem to set off any alarms with University Extension offices here in Wisconsin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"alignleft uwm-c-img--left\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/11\/beetle-s-corn-billbug23-1rz-300x215.jpg\" alt=\"beetle billbug on a rock\" class=\"wp-image-14455\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/11\/beetle-s-corn-billbug23-1rz-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/11\/beetle-s-corn-billbug23-1rz.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Southern corn billbugs are a little more than one-third of an inch long and are a little lumpy-looking.\u00a0 Some are <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1933001\/bgimage\">brownish in color<\/a>, and they often carry a coating of dust or dirt. <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/77598\/bgimage\">Here\u2019s a\u00a0glamour shot<\/a>. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While many billbugs go for turfgrass\u00a0and some attack rice, Southern corn billbugs specialize in corn\u00a0(rice and corn are members of the grass family).\u00a0It\u2019s a one-two punch &#8211; the larvae feed at the base of the plant, and the adults feed higher up, and the \u201cjaws\u201d at the ends of the adults\u2019 snouts allow them to reach into the inner tissues of the stem.\u00a0Adults like several other plants, like sorghum (another grass), and they especially like Yellow nut sedge, aka Chufa, a maybe-native-maybe-not sedge that\u2019s considered an invasive agricultural weed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.minnesotawildflowers.info\/grass-sedge-rush\/yellow-nutsedge\">click on any picture for a slide show<\/a>).\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Southern corn billbugs overwinter as adults in leaf litter or barely underground, often in ditches and hedgerows near corn fields.\u00a0They emerge as the young corn emerges and trek into the field (they also float well), and they\u2019re more likely to be found in corn plants around the periphery of a field than the interior.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"alignright uwm-c-img--right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/11\/beetle-s-corn-billbug23-3rz-300x215.jpg\" alt=\"bug on a rock\" class=\"wp-image-14456\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/11\/beetle-s-corn-billbug23-3rz-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/11\/beetle-s-corn-billbug23-3rz.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Females lay eggs toward the base of the corn stem, in holes they made while feeding.\u00a0When the larvae hatch (just one per stem, but there may be as many as five in a stem if billbugs are thick on the ground), they move down the outside of the stem and feed in the roots and then bore into the lower stalk. Needless to say, this makes it hard for the young plant to thrive.\u00a0They pupate in cells in the corn stalk or root, or in the soil.\u00a0Newly-minted adults may emerge to feed before tucking in for the winter, or they may hunker down until spring. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rotating crops keeps billbug numbers down, and farmers who practice continuous no-till agriculture have higher infestations.\u00a0One potential biological control is (Science Word of the Week)\u00a0<em>entomopathogenic<\/em>\u00a0nematodes.\u00a0Nematodes are small roundworms that are, according to Britannica, \u201c<em>among the most abundant animals on earth<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/nematodes-for-poets\/\">Nematodes <\/a>are \u2013 well &#8211; everywhere.\u00a0Entomopathogenic (pronounced just like it looks) means that the nematodes are able to cause disease in the billbug larvae or other insects they encounter.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the University of Florida\u2019s Featured Creatures page on the topic, \u201c<em>Entomopathogenic nematodes occur naturally in soil environments and locate their host in response to carbon dioxide, vibration and other chemical cues.<\/em>\u201d A nematode carrying symbiotic bacteria (bacteria that it lives peaceably with) enters the larva\u2019s body cavity and bacteria are released there. The bacteria multiply, the larva dies, and the nematode feeds, matures, and reproduces within.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The BugLady can\u2019t recall if she\u2019s shared this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/graphics\/GLOBAL-ENVIRONMENT\/INSECT-APOCALYPSE\/egpbykdxjvq\/\">dynamite article about the decline of insects<\/a>.\u00a0 Great graphics!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The BugLady<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"taxonomy-post_tag wp-block-post-terms\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/tag\/billbugs\/\" rel=\"tag\">billbugs<\/a><span class=\"wp-block-post-terms__separator\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/tag\/bugs\/\" rel=\"tag\">bugs<\/a><span class=\"wp-block-post-terms__separator\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/tag\/insects\/\" rel=\"tag\">insects<\/a><span class=\"wp-block-post-terms__separator\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/tag\/southern-corn-billbug\/\" rel=\"tag\">Southern Corn Billbug<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Note: Most links leave to external sites. Greetings, BugFans, As Seasoned BugFans know, the BugLady is a fan of weevils \u2013 she loves the cut of their tiny jibs (for \u201cjibs\u201d read \u201csnouts\u201d) (for \u201csnouts\u201d read \u201crostrums\u201d).\u00a0Snouts tipped with chewing &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32664,"featured_media":14454,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[8],"tags":[727,607,614,726],"class_list":["post-14453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bug-of-the-week","tag-billbugs","tag-bugs","tag-insects","tag-southern-corn-billbug"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Field Station<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/southern-corn-billbug\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Southern Corn Billbug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Note: Most links leave to external sites. Greetings, BugFans, As Seasoned BugFans know, the BugLady is a fan of weevils \u2013 she loves the cut of their tiny jibs (for \u201cjibs\u201d read \u201csnouts\u201d) (for \u201csnouts\u201d read \u201crostrums\u201d).\u00a0Snouts tipped with chewing &hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/southern-corn-billbug\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Field Station\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-11-09T22:15:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-11-09T22:15:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/11\/beetle-s-corn-billbug23-2rz.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/southern-corn-billbug\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/southern-corn-billbug\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\",\"@id\":\"\"},\"headline\":\"Southern Corn Billbug\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-11-09T22:15:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-11-09T22:15:50+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/southern-corn-billbug\/\"},\"wordCount\":801,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/southern-corn-billbug\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/11\/beetle-s-corn-billbug23-2rz.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"billbugs\",\"bugs\",\"insects\",\"Southern Corn Billbug\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Bug of the Week\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/southern-corn-billbug\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/southern-corn-billbug\/\",\"name\":\"Southern Corn Billbug - 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