{"id":13522,"date":"2023-03-22T09:53:46","date_gmt":"2023-03-22T14:53:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/?p=13522"},"modified":"2023-03-22T09:53:48","modified_gmt":"2023-03-22T14:53:48","slug":"broad-winged-skipper-butterfly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/broad-winged-skipper-butterfly\/","title":{"rendered":"Broad-winged Skipper Butterfly"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Howdy, BugFans,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Last July, the BugLady made a couple of visits to a local wetland where she enjoyed an abundance of Broad-winged Skippers on swamp milkweed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A brief introduction\u2014broad-winged Skippers are in the family <em>Hesperiidae<\/em> (the Skippers). Most skippers are smallish butterflies with chunky bodies whose <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/997147\/bgimage\">antennae have a tip that\u2019s hooked to some degree<\/a>, and while there are some colorful species out there, many are brown and orange (or orange and brown), just orange, or just brown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"alignleft uwm-c-img--left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/03\/skipper-brd-winged22-7rzBOTW.webp\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/03\/skipper-brd-winged22-7rzBOTW-300x300.webp\" alt=\"broad-winged skipper on a leaf\" class=\"wp-image-13519\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/03\/skipper-brd-winged22-7rzBOTW-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/03\/skipper-brd-winged22-7rzBOTW-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/03\/skipper-brd-winged22-7rzBOTW-768x768.webp 768w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/03\/skipper-brd-winged22-7rzBOTW.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>They\u2019re in the subfamily&nbsp;<em>Hesperiinae<\/em>, the Grass or Banded skippers\u2014\u201cGrass skippers\u201d because the caterpillar host plants of many species are grasses and sedges. Adults are strong, if bouncy, flyers that nectar on flowers, and although they can fold their wings, many perch in a \u201cjet plane\u201d position, with the front pair of wings open in a \u201cV,\u201d and the <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/938304\/bgimage\">hind pair of wings at a wider angle<\/a>. Grass skipper caterpillars feed at night in nests they make in the grasses. They later <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/810\/bgimage\">form a chrysalis and overwinter there<\/a>. There are about 140 species of Grass skippers in North America.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With wingspreads between 1-\u00bc\u201d and 2-\u00bc,\u201d Broad-winged Skippers (<em>Poanes viator<\/em>) are a large-ish skipper. Males and females look somewhat different (<a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1892641\/bgimage\">male<\/a>), (<a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1833645\/bgimage\">female<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"alignright uwm-c-img--right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/03\/skipper-brd-winged22-1BOTW.webp\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/03\/skipper-brd-winged22-1BOTW-300x215.webp\" alt=\"broad-winged skipper on pink petals\" class=\"wp-image-13517\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.butterfliesofmassachusetts.net\/\">\u201cButterflies of Massachusetts\u201d website<\/a>, the Broad-winged Skipper is \u201ca beautiful insect with a long and venerable native history.\u201d Its historical host plant in Massachusetts was wild rice (<em>Zizania sp<\/em>.). It turns out that there\u2019s an Eastern\/Gulf\/lower Mississippi River coastal plain subspecies (<em>Poanes viator zizaniae<\/em>) and an inland subspecies that <a href=\"http:\/\/mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu\/large_map.php?hodges=4064\">lives around the Great Lakes and westward to the Dakotas<\/a> (<em>Poanes viator viator<\/em>). We now know that they can be distinguished by size and hindwing pattern, but early observers weren\u2019t always discriminating about how they recorded them. The skipper is found in marshes and other wetlands, saltwater and fresh; the post glacial warming period allowed the species (and its food plant) to move back north from wherever it took refuge during the last glacier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Today, though, another common name for the Broad-winged Skipper is \u201cPhragmites Skipper\u201d (or as one source called it \u201cthe butterfly you don\u2019t want to see\u201d). Here\u2019s where it gets a little tricky\u2014more subspecies. (And here\u2019s where the BugLady disappeared down a botanical rabbit hole).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>THE RABBIT HOLE: The genus&nbsp;<em>Phragmites<\/em>, a genus with just four species of perennial grasses, is considered one of the most widespread plant genera in the world, and&nbsp;<em>Phragmites australis<\/em>&nbsp;(formerly&nbsp;<em>Phragmites communis<\/em>), aka Reed grass or Common reed, is a major pest in wetlands across this continent. Of course, it\u2019s not that simple\u2014cue the subspecies! American reed, the subspecies <em>Phragmites australis americanus<\/em> (which is being considered for full species status) is native to North America, where it grows in bogs, fens, and along rivers, and where it has been used by Indians for millennia as food, beverage, twine, woven mats, arrows, cigarette \u201cpapers,\u201d insulation, flutes, pipes, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometime in the early 19th&nbsp;century (even earlier, say some sources), the very aggressive European subspecies&nbsp;<em>Phragmites australis australis<\/em> was introduced to North America, possibly in ballast water, and it has become a huge problem. Back in the Old Country, it was used for pen nibs, livestock food, and porridge, for thatching roofs, and, in the Netherlands, for reclamation of lands at the ocean\u2019s edge. Most of the Phragmites we see today in the dense, brackish marshes along the Atlantic coast, researchers are hoping to find a \u201cphrag-buster\u201d\u2014a plant that can out-compete it. Colonies of eight-foot-plus grasses, tipped with plumes of purplish seeds growing in our roadside ditches, are the European subspecies. It hasn\u2019t been until relatively recently that people have felt confident about differentiating the two, and, undoubtedly, native colonies have taken a hit in the name of Phragmites control. Bottom line, <em>Phragmites australis australis<\/em> looks a little different than the native <a href=\"https:\/\/www.minnesotawildflowers.info\/grass-sedge-rush\/american-common-reed\"><em>Phragmites australis americanus<\/em> <\/a>and it behaves differently too. The two don\u2019t hybridize, except in laboratories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BACK TO THE BUTTERFLIES\u2014The coastal subspecies of the Broad-winged Skipper once fed on wild rice but has mostly switched to Phragmites, along with a little Marsh Millet (<em>Zizaniopsis miliacea<\/em>). You would think that latching onto an abundant food source like Phragmites would mean a population boom, and it\u2019s true that there are more reports of Broad-winged Skippers in Massachusetts today, but its status there is still listed as \u201cuncommon.\u201d&nbsp; A note in \u201cButterflies of Massachusetts\u201d points out that \u201cThere may be more Broad-wings than these [census] measures suggest, because larger concentrations may not be easily accessible, and may not have been fully counted. As Cassie pointed out in his Atlas account, <em>\u2018Broad-winged Skippers are found in greatest numbers within the Phragmites stands. A sizable population, slowly meandering through the reed stalks and keeping within the sanctuary of the reed bed, may be virtually invisible to the casual observer.\u2019<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"alignleft uwm-c-img--left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/03\/skipper-brd-winged22-10rzBOTW.webp\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2023\/03\/skipper-brd-winged22-10rzBOTW-300x214.webp\" alt=\"broad-winged skipper on a leaf\" class=\"wp-image-13520\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The host plant of our inland subspecies of&nbsp;Broad-winged Skipper&nbsp;is mostly Hairy sedge (<em>Carex lacustris<\/em>), and although its path may cross with wild rice and with&nbsp;Phragmites&nbsp;in the Great Lakes area, the caterpillar (supposedly) does not use them (Mike Reese, on his Wisconsin Butterflies website, says \u201c<em>Although this species is said to use Carex sedges as host plants in the Midwest, it does use Phragmites the east, and whether or not it uses this species here in Wisconsin, I have found it much more abundant where Phragmites does occur.\u201d<\/em>). The plot thickens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Adults nectar on a variety of wetland plants, especially Swamp milkweed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Who Were those Guys&nbsp;IX<\/strong> \u2013 William Henry Edwards<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWho Were Those Guys?\u201d is a series that\u2019s dedicated to the pioneering naturalists and entomologists who discovered new species when our country was young.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Broad-winged Skipper was described and named by William Henry (W. H.) Edwards in 1865. Few of the entomologists of the 18th and 19th centuries entered the field of entomology through the front door\u2014a common approach to natural history was often via the study of medicine (one dragonfly guy was a banker). W. H. Edwards (March 15, 1822 \u2013 April 2, 1909) was a businessman. He grew up on a huge family estate in upstate New York where his family ran a tannery, and it was there that his love of nature began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He went to Williams College in Massachusetts because of its strong Natural History curriculum (though he chafed against the religious atmosphere of the school), and he went on to study law, but never practiced. In the decades before the Civil War, he ran one of the first large-scale coal mining businesses in the Kanawha Valley in West Virginia. In 1856, when he was in his 30\u2019s, he started collecting butterflies, and he was soon corresponding with noted scientists of his time. Curiously, one correspondent was an English actor and entomologist named Henry Edwards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By 1865, he had begun his magnum opus, the three-volume Butterflies of North America. The books took three decades to complete, and they feature 152 of what many consider the <a href=\"https:\/\/news.lib.wvu.edu\/2015\/11\/02\/william-henry-edwards-and-the-butterflies-of-north-america\/\">most outstanding illustrations of butterflies ever done<\/a>. The cost of producing and hand-coloring the illustrations at a time when cheaper methods like lithography and photography were becoming available far exceeded his budget, and he had to sell his butterfly collection to the Carnegie Museum in order to complete the work. A first edition set of Butterflies of North America is worth over $10,000 today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Along the way Edwards also wrote 265 scientific papers and proposed names for 356 species of butterflies plus a few Sphinx and Underwing moths. When he was 75 and Butterflies of North America was complete, he abandoned butterflies and turned his attention to Shakespeare and genealogy, but just before his 80th birthday, he penned his \u201cEntomological Reminiscences.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The BugLady<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Howdy, BugFans, Last July, the BugLady made a couple of visits to a local wetland where she enjoyed an abundance of Broad-winged Skippers on swamp milkweed. A brief introduction\u2014broad-winged Skippers are in the family Hesperiidae (the Skippers). Most skippers are &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1272,"featured_media":13520,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[8],"tags":[653,655,484,654],"class_list":["post-13522","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bug-of-the-week","tag-broad-winged","tag-broad-winged-skipper","tag-butterfly","tag-skipper"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Field Station<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/broad-winged-skipper-butterfly\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Broad-winged Skipper Butterfly\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Howdy, BugFans, Last July, the BugLady made a couple of visits to a local wetland where she enjoyed an abundance of Broad-winged Skippers on swamp milkweed. 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