{"id":12775,"date":"2022-02-09T09:12:16","date_gmt":"2022-02-09T15:12:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/?p=12775"},"modified":"2022-02-09T09:20:18","modified_gmt":"2022-02-09T15:20:18","slug":"spiketail-dragonflies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/spiketail-dragonflies\/","title":{"rendered":"Spiketail Dragonflies"},"content":{"rendered":"

Note: All links below go to external sites.<\/em><\/p>\n

Howdy, BugFans,<\/p>\n

What better time to write about dragonflies than in the depths of winter?\u00a0 The BugLady hasn\u2019t officially spotted a spiketail.\u00a0 She knows where they live, and once, maybe, saw a Twin-spotted Spiketail zip past, but she only got a quick glimpse of it as it was leaving the scene.\u00a0 She stews about the species she\u2019s going to mistake them for at a glance, like one of the mosaic darners or an Arrowhead Clubtail (what one blogger calls \u201cpossible confusables<\/i>\u201d).<\/p>\n

Cordulegastridae, the Spiketails, is a whole new family for BOTW.\u00a0 Cordulegastridae comes from the Greek for \u201cclub-shaped belly<\/i>\u201d and \u201cspiketail<\/i>\u201d comes from the impressive ovipositor wielded by the females<\/a>.\u00a0 Thirty-three species of spiketails are found around the world; and eight (or nine, or ten of those, depending on which source you look at) live in North America, all in the genus\u00a0Cordulegaster<\/i>.\u00a0 Some have fairly broad ranges, and a few are quite localized, and as a group, they\u2019re more eastern than western.<\/p>\n

\"Twin<\/p>\n

Three species are listed for Wisconsin \u2013 the Delta-spotted, which has only been reported from one county in northeastern Wisconsin, the Twin-spotted, and the Arrowhead Spiketail – and the BugLady would like to thank guest photographer, BugFan Freda (aka the Dragonfly Whisperer), for sharing her pictures of two of those.<\/p>\n

They can be picky about habitat, preferring small, shallow, cold, clear streams with sandy or silty substrates and with plants along the edges, generally within woodlands.\u00a0 Some species thrive in \u201cseeps\u201d (wet areas where groundwater oozes out of the ground).\u00a0 They\u2019re active from late spring to mid-summer.\u00a0 Kurt Mead, in\u00a0Dragonflies of the North Woods<\/u>\u00a0calls them \u201csecretive and not readily observed<\/i>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Spiketails are large (2 \u00bd\u201d to 3 \u00bd\u201d), dark-colored dragonflies with un-patterned wings.\u00a0 The sexes are similar; they have yellow markings on their slim abdomen and yellow stripes on the thorax, and their medium-sized, bright blue-to-green eyes touch or almost touch at the top of their head<\/a>. \u00a0Their naiads<\/a> have uneven, jagged teeth<\/a> on their lower jaws.<\/p>\n

Males are territorial, flying back and forth along the stream edge.\u00a0 Mating takes place in the treetops and may last as long as five hours (she doesn\u2019t impale him because her ovipositor fits into a dedicated groove where his abdomen and thorax meet).\u00a0 Unlike many other dragonflies, the male does not stay attached to his female as she oviposits (the pogo stick action of the female as she jabs her eggs into the sand would make that a difficult feat, indeed\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3BWy2nuixc4<\/a>), but he patrols closely as she does.\u00a0 If the water is deeper than she is, hairs on her thorax will trap air bubbles that allow her to breathe underwater.<\/p>\n

The naiads are burrowers, lurking under debris or digging into the soft silt until only their eyes are visible, waiting to ambush their prey (they back under, abdomen-first).\u00a0 Because the cold, clear water they live in may be relatively sterile, food-wise, some species take three to five years to mature.\u00a0 Spiketail naiads may be better equipped to handle a brief drying of their streams than a flood.<\/p>\n

Naiads eat the immature mayflies, caddisflies, midges and blackflies that swim around with them; adults hunt for small insects in the treetops and wooded clearings, and they will pick insects off of vegetation (it\u2019s called gleaning).\u00a0 They\u2019re said to prefer beetles and bees.<\/p>\n

Paulson, in\u00a0Dragonflies and Damselflies of the East<\/u>, suggests that spiketails are relatively easy to approach and photograph, but other authors point out their swift and ceaseless flying.\u00a0 When they perch (which is not often), they hang vertically or at an angle from a twig.<\/p>\n

Read about the discovery of a new spiketail species in 2010 here.<\/a><\/p>\n

TWIN-SPOTTED SPIKETAILS (Cordulegaster<\/i><\/span>\u00a0maculata<\/i><\/span>) are the most common of the Wisconsin spiketails and are amenable to a variety of clean forest brooks, trout streams, and small rivers, even those with fish in them, as long as they are \u201cstable\u201d (not going to dry up).<\/p>\n

At 2 \u00bd\u201d to 3\u201d they\u2019re a darner-sized dragonfly, named for the paired spots on the top of their abdomen.\u00a0 Newly-emerged (teneral) Twin-spotted Spiketails have gray eyes, but, writes Ohio naturalist and blogger Jim McCormac, \u201cits eyes will become a brilliant emerald green, and it is quite cool to encounter an adult coursing low over the creek like a mini B-52 bomber. When they fly through a sunny opening, those eyes gleam like neon glow lights, visible from quite some distance<\/i>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Paulson says that males fly \u201ca few inches above water.\u00a0\u00a0 Stand in water and they will fly around your legs.<\/i>\u201d\u00a0 They\u2019re in the air all day and are more numerous in late afternoon.<\/p>\n

Adults emerge in late spring here in God\u2019s Country, and they\u2019re more common in the northern two-thirds of the state.\u00a0 The naiad leaves the water and climbs up on a nearby log or tree to shed its skin (https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/18211\/bgimage<\/a>).\u00a0 They mate in the treetops, and according to Paulson, she may bob up and down as many as 100 times per minute while ovipositing.\u00a0 Naiads from eggs that are laid early in summer are mature when they overwinter, ready to emerge the next spring, sometimes in large numbers.<\/p>\n

\"obliqua-Lost-Lke\"<\/p>\n

Congratulations<\/span>\u00a0to Freda for getting pictures of the ARROWHEAD SPIKETAIL (Cordulegaster<\/i>\u00a0obliqua<\/i>) which is considered rare, local, and elusive.\u00a0 They are a shade larger than the Twin-spotted Spiketail, averaging just over three inches, with blue to green eyes (Southern populations tend to be larger, with blue eyes). The pale yellow markings on the top of the abdomen explain their name.<\/p>\n

In late spring\/early summer, males patrol along shallow, mud\/silt\/sand-bottomed springs or streams, a few feet above the water, around mid-day.\u00a0 Paulson notes that \u201cMales clash when they meet.<\/i>\u201d\u00a0 Their naiads are able to survive occasional drying of the stream.\u00a0 When they\u2019re not in flight, both males and females park, at an angle, on vegetation at the edge of a clearing, within a few feet from the ground.<\/p>\n

They feed in woodland openings and edges and do not join feeding swarms with other dragonfly species \u2013 one source said that they may forage in the treetops or from low plant stems.\u00a0 Mead says that they are \u201cwary and difficult to approach unless you can anticipate a male\u2019s patrolling run.\u00a0 When disturbed, they fly straight up and disappear above the canopy<\/i>.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Arrow<\/p>\n

The BugLady is always tickled, when she researches insects, by the helpful side searches that pop up, especially \u201cXX Insect Bite\u201d (often about insects that pose no danger to humanity).\u00a0 Mead relates that \u201cI get bitten by dragonflies in the hand all the time, but it\u2019s almost always just a little pinch.\u00a0 It\u2019ll get your attention, but no harm done\u2026.unless it\u2019s an Arrowhead Spiketail.\u00a0 They don\u2019t fly up and bite people but if handled carelessly, these beasts draw blood.\u00a0 Their jaws don\u2019t have multiple jagged spikes on them like most dragonflies, but all of the energy of their powerful jaw is focused on a matching pair of stout spikes that make up their mouthparts<\/i>.\u201d<\/p>\n

The good news is that, contrary to many dragonfly folk tales, they\u2019re not in league with the devil, they don\u2019t catch insects and feed them to snakes, and if you lie, cuss, or scold, the \u201cDevil\u2019s darning needle\u201d won\u2019t sew your eyes, lips or ears shut.<\/p>\n

The BugLady<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Note: All links below go to external sites. 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