{"id":12460,"date":"2021-09-16T10:06:41","date_gmt":"2021-09-16T15:06:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/?p=12460"},"modified":"2021-09-16T10:06:41","modified_gmt":"2021-09-16T15:06:41","slug":"two-spotted-tree-cricket","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/two-spotted-tree-cricket\/","title":{"rendered":"Two-spotted Tree Cricket"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The BugLady had a visitor at her front door the other day \u2013 a Two-spotted tree cricket. When they think of tree crickets, most people picture <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/883267\/bgpage\">a delicate, flat, green member <i class=\"fa fa-external-link\"><\/i><\/a> of the genus <em>Oecanthus<\/em>. <em>Oecanthus<\/em> tree crickets, with a brief nod to the Two-spotted tree cricket, were celebrated in <a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/tree-crickets\/\">a previous BOTW<\/a>. Today\u2019s story is about that other tree cricket.<\/p>\n<p>The Two-spotted tree cricket (<em>Neoxabea bipunctata<\/em>) (family Gryllidae) used to be grouped with the <em>Oecanthus<\/em> but was reclassified into the <em>Neoxabea<\/em>. According to <a href=\"http:\/\/bugguide.net\">bugguide.net <i class=\"fa fa-external-link\"><\/i><\/a>, Neoxabea means \u201c<em>new tree cricket<\/em>\u201d \u2013 <em>Xabea<\/em> being yet another tree cricket genus and the one that the TSTC was assigned to before it was an <em>Oecanthus<\/em>.  <em>Neoxabea<\/em> are called the \u201csmooth-legged tree crickets\u201d because the <em>Oecanthus<\/em> have spines on their hind legs and <em>Neoxabea<\/em> don\u2019t. There are about a dozen species in the genus <em>Neoxabea<\/em> worldwide, but the TSTC is the only species north of the Rio Grande unless you count the Brownsville tree cricket (<em>N. formosa<\/em>), which barely makes it over the border and whose classification is a bit problematic.  <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1475840\/bgimage\">Here\u2019s a glamour shot <i class=\"fa fa-external-link\"><\/i><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>There was a reference to a common name for the TSTC in Ohio \u2013 \u201citch bug\u201d &#8211; that the BugLady couldn\u2019t find anything more about. Tree crickets, though they are (barely) capable of biting human skin, rarely do (in the BugLady\u2019s experience, they\u2019re too busy exiting the scene).<\/p>\n<p>TSTCs, as one reference pointed out, are found over the eastern half of the country in approximately the same footprint as the original, eastern deciduous forests. They are associated with oak, apple, maple, white pine, and a variety of other trees, and also with wild grape and sunflower. They aren\u2019t seen as often as their Oecanthus cousins because they tend to live higher off the ground in dense vegetation, and males sing from the undersides of leaves.<\/p>\n<p>The cut of their jib is distinctly different from the other tree crickets. Unlike <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/37247\/bgimage\">the <em>Oecanthus<\/em> <i class=\"fa fa-external-link\"><\/i><\/a>, they tend to be pinkish, and <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1611999\/bgimage\">the male\u2019s wings <i class=\"fa fa-external-link\"><\/i><\/a> are less flared. Females have two dorsal spots; males don\u2019t.<\/p>\n<p>TSTCs have gradual metamorphosis \u2013 nymphs resemble the adults and there\u2019s no resting\/changing\/pupal stage. Both adults and nymphs feed at dusk and by night on the same diet of tiny insects, bits of leaves, pollen, and fungi (and the BugLady wonders if maybe the one on the screen was grazing on the algae that grows there). They are preyed upon by wasps, including grass-carrying wasps, of previous BOTW fame, which collect them to cache for their young.<\/p>\n<p>The male\u2019s song is described as a broken trill (one source described it more authoritatively as \u201c<em>A plaintive, dissonant, buzzy trill at about 3.5 kHz, with a distinctive \u201cscreaming\u201d quality.<\/em>\u201d). He produces sound by rubbing together the ridges on each wing (a \u201cscraper\u201d and \u201cfile\u201d). In the spirit of cold-bloodedness, the warmer the air is, the more trills he generates, and he hedges his bets by chewing a hole in a leaf and positioning his wings and body over it so that the leaf acts like a megaphone. The tympanum (hearing organs) on her front legs must be tuned to distinguish his species from others at whatever rate he\u2019s singing. She prefers males that sing \u201cbass,\u201d because they\u2019re probably bigger and therefore have more sperm.<\/p>\n<p>In a paper called \u201cThe Mating of Tree Crickets,\u201d David Funk explains that because the sound is amplified backwards from the male, females tend to approach from the rear. He says that \u201c<em>When a male senses the presence of an approaching female, he stops singing and turns around to touch her with his antennae. It is thought that by \u201ctasting\u201d her in this way, he is able to assure that she is a member of the same species and therefore an appropriate mate.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Their reproductive strategy includes a practice called courtship feeding. There\u2019s a groove on the top of his thorax, between his wings, and into it oozes a substance produced by the metanotal gland, a substance that is irresistible to the female (sometimes unpaired females approach and try to feed, too). When the female climbs on his back to reach it, she is positioned so that the male is able to insert a spermatophore into the appropriate opening. She clings to his back, feeding, <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1778045\/bgimage\">as he hangs from the vegetation <i class=\"fa fa-external-link\"><\/i><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>As she feeds, the spermatophore empties into her oviduct, and when she\u2019s finished with the metanotal fluid, she eats the also-nutritional, empty spermatophore, too. Says Eric Eaton in his bugeric blog, <em>the female would undoubtedly eat it<\/em> [sooner] <em>if she did not have the more attractive metanotal secretion to lick instead<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>She punches her ovipositor deep <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/238538\">into a small branch <i class=\"fa fa-external-link\"><\/i><\/a>, inserts an egg and, says Bentley B. Fulton in a 1915 Technical Bulletin for the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, \u201c<em>Just before depositing the egg, and while the ovipositor is embedded for its full length in the bark, the female forces out a drop of excrement, which by stretching out the tip of the abdomen, she fastens to the bark just below the hole. After withdrawing the ovipositor she moves back, picks up the drop with her mouth and places it over the opening. Several minutes are then spent <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/259844\">packing it in <i class=\"fa fa-external-link\"><\/i><\/a> and smoothing it out.<\/em>\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/orthsoc.org\/sina\/s576lf15.pdf\">Fulton\u2019s article <i class=\"fa fa-file-pdf-o\"><\/i><\/a> includes some lovely, pre-digital illustrations.<\/p>\n<p>The eggs hatch in spring and the nymphs are pretty cute &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1834770\/bgimage\">the butts-up position <i class=\"fa fa-external-link\"><\/i><\/a> is a common pose. Here\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/orthsoc.org\/sina\/601a.htm\">an excellent set of pictures <i class=\"fa fa-external-link\"><\/i><\/a> of ages and stages, plus sounds.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes the punctures she makes as she\u2019s ovipositing damage woody plants by weakening the twigs, but it\u2019s seldom a problem, and one Exterminator\u2019s website included a link to \u201c<em>detailed information about this fascinating insect<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Go outside. Listen!<\/p>\n<p><em>The BugLady<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The BugLady had a visitor at her front door the other day \u2013 a Two-spotted tree cricket. When they think of tree crickets, most people picture a delicate, flat, green member of the genus Oecanthus. 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