{"id":12258,"date":"2021-05-05T12:10:49","date_gmt":"2021-05-05T17:10:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/?p=12258"},"modified":"2024-12-26T13:29:04","modified_gmt":"2024-12-26T19:29:04","slug":"compton-tortoiseshell-butterfly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/compton-tortoiseshell-butterfly\/","title":{"rendered":"Compton Tortoiseshell Butterfly"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><small>(Note: All links below are to external sites.)<\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Greetings, BugFans,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This butterfly needs a better name!&nbsp; (More about that, later)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The BugLady found this beauty in the woods on a cool April day. Like the Mourning Cloak, of recent BOTW fame, it\u2019s in the Brush-footed butterfly family <em>Nymphalidae<\/em>.&nbsp; The Brush-footed butterflies have parlayed a six-legged lifestyle into a four-legged lifestyle \u2013 their front pair of legs is reduced and fuzzy, and is <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1551967\/bgimage\">tucked up against their thorax<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"alignleft uwm-c-img--left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2021\/05\/tortoiseshell-compton21-1rz.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2021\/05\/tortoiseshell-compton21-1rz-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"Compton Tortoiseshell butterfly\" class=\"wp-image-12259\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2021\/05\/tortoiseshell-compton21-1rz-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2021\/05\/tortoiseshell-compton21-1rz-768x548.jpg 768w, https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/380\/2021\/05\/tortoiseshell-compton21-1rz.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s a large (2 \u00bd\u201d to 3\u201d wingspread), beautiful butterfly with a powerful flight. Like many <em>Nymphalids<\/em>, it\u2019s patterned in orange, brown, and black (which accounts for the \u201ctortoiseshell\u201d part of its name) \u2013 perfect coloration for a butterfly that likes to sit on the ground.&nbsp; When it folds its wings, it looks like tree bark. Because its wing edges are angled and notched, with short tails, and because it has a slim white slash on the underside of the hindwing (<a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/66709\/bgimage\">which can be hard to see<\/a>), it\u2019s sometimes mistaken for a <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1180420\/bgimage\">Gray Comma<\/a>, also in the <em>Nymphalidae<\/em> but in a different genus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are differences in the richness of the colors on the upper surface of the wings, due in part on the butterfly\u2019s age&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1857116\/bgimage\">https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1857116\/bgimage<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1263358\/bgimage\">https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1263358\/bgimage<\/a>, and there\u2019s quite a lot of variation in the <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/23122\/bgimage\">underwing patterns and colors<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/267947\/bgimage\">https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/267947\/bgimage<\/a>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/859824\/bgimage\">https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/859824\/bgimage<\/a>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1557613\/bgimage\">https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1557613\/bgimage<\/a>, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1551962\/bgimage\">https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1551962\/bgimage<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Although Compton Tortoiseshells have been found south of the Mason-Dixon Line (a few individuals have even made it to Florida), this is <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/12877\/data\">a butterfly with northern proclivities<\/a> whose range also includes the temperate areas of Eurasia (it\u2019s native to both continents). Look for it in open woodlands and edges and along trails.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weber, in&nbsp;<u>Butterflies of the North Woods<\/u>, says that it is \u201c<em>subject to cyclical population explosions and possibly migration.<\/em>&#8221; Commenting on its abundance in Massachusetts in the last two centuries, the excellent Butterflies of Massachusetts website says that \u201c<em>Collectors in the 19th and early 20th centuries were enamored of this large, colorful and unpredictable species, and the resulting numbers of museum specimens may give a misleading impression of its actual abundance during those years<\/em>.\u201d They also say that Compton Tortoiseshells \u201ccan migrate south in either spring or fall.\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.butterfliesofmassachusetts.net\/index.htm\">https:\/\/www.butterfliesofmassachusetts.net\/index.htm<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s a mistake to think that all butterflies will welcome the warmer days and longer seasons being ushered in by climate change. In the \u201cOutlook\u201d section of its write-up about the Compton Tortoiseshell, Butterflies of Massachusetts speculates that \u201c<em>The chief threat to Compton Tortoiseshell in Massachusetts is warming climate, since temperature apparently restricts its ability to reproduce successfully. More research is needed to determine the species\u2019 climate tolerances and responses. Compton Tortoiseshell is \u2026 among those species likely to decline in Massachusetts if climate warms significantly.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Compton Tortoiseshell\u2019s biography is similar to that of the Mourning Cloak.&nbsp; There\u2019s a single generation each year. Adults overwinter under eaves, in out-buildings, under bark, in tree holes and wood piles, etc. (even mailboxes!) \u2013 and a gang of tortoiseshells may go into winter diapause\/hibernation together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They mate in spring. Males watch for females from perches on trees. Females lay eggs in clumps on the newly-emerged leaves of willow, birch, and poplar. The <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/56518\/bgimage\">spiny caterpillars<\/a> hatch, spin a web and feed together inside it before <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1182480\/bgimage\">forming a chrysalis<\/a>.&nbsp; Fresh, newly-minted adults fly in mid-summer, but then they may take a siesta until fall, when they appear again. By the next spring they are an amazing 10 months old and are looking tattered (but are game to produce the next generation).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How do they deal with the cool temperatures of fall and early spring? First of all, they\u2019re pretty hairy, and second, they are \u201cdorsal baskers\u201d \u2013 they turn their back to the sun and open their wings, letting the sun\u2019s energy heat their thorax, which warms the muscles used in flight. In winter, of course, a generous dose of home-made antifreeze protects their cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Like other early-emerging butterflies, they get nutrients from sap drips (including sapsucker holes), dung, damp soil, and rotten fruit. Adults also feed on willow nectar (the BugLady thanks pussy willows annually for their early and abundant flowers).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And now the nit-picking part of this narrative: This butterfly needs a better name!&nbsp; The Compton Tortoiseshell was given its common name by an English naturalist who studied it while living in Compton, Quebec. The BugLady also found it referred to as the False Comma and the White J Butterfly. Some people add an \u201cs\u201d &#8211; Compton\u2019s Tortoiseshell (your mind really wants that \u201cs\u201d), and the group is variously called the Tortoiseshells, Tortoise-shells, and Tortoise Shells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And then there\u2019s the scientific name \u2013 it\u2019s listed in some references as&nbsp;<em>Nymphalis&nbsp;l-album<\/em>&nbsp;and in others as&nbsp;<em>Nymphalis vau-album<\/em>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<em>vaualbum<\/em> (vau&nbsp;is Latin for \u201cV,\u201d and&nbsp;album&nbsp;means white\u201d). Apparently, when Austrian Ignaz Schiffermuller described and named the European branch of the species&nbsp;<em>Nymphalis vau-album&nbsp;<\/em>in 1775, he failed to dot all the scientific \u201ci\u2019s\u201d, so the name is not considered legitimate by some &#8211; science can be cut-throat. And then you get into subspecies \u2013 the subspecies seen in eastern North America is named <em>Nymphalis vau-album j-album<\/em>, and The Butterflies of Canada says that \u201cThe western records have been treated as subspecies <em>watsoni<\/em>, but the differences are minute and this subspecies is not currently recognized.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While the BugLady was researching this butterfly she found this website. If you know what Wisconsin butterfly you\u2019re looking at, this website will show you the caterpillar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(And, on another note, it\u2019s National Amphibian Week and Teacher Appreciation Week, and it\u2019s the start of American Wetlands Month. Celebrate accordingly.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The BugLady<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>(Note: All links below are to external sites.) Greetings, BugFans, This butterfly needs a better name!&nbsp; (More about that, later) The BugLady found this beauty in the woods on a cool April day. Like the Mourning Cloak, of recent BOTW &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19040,"featured_media":12260,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[8],"tags":[41,484],"class_list":["post-12258","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bug-of-the-week","tag-butterflies","tag-butterfly"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Field Station<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/compton-tortoiseshell-butterfly\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Compton Tortoiseshell Butterfly\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"(Note: All links below are to external sites.) 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