{"id":11844,"date":"2020-10-15T14:31:51","date_gmt":"2020-10-15T19:31:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/?p=11844"},"modified":"2020-10-15T14:33:13","modified_gmt":"2020-10-15T19:33:13","slug":"wildflower-watch-wild-bergamot","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/field-station\/bug-of-the-week\/wildflower-watch-wild-bergamot\/","title":{"rendered":"Wildflower Watch\u2014Wild Bergamot"},"content":{"rendered":"

Howdy, BugFans,<\/p>\n

The BugLady loves wild bergamot\u2014first, because it has classy flowers, and second, because she loves the clearwing moths that dance around their edges, leading her on an annual, merry chase. She decided to see who else uses bergamot. (With goldenrods and asters in their final inning, the BugLady is missing wildflowers already.)<\/p>\n

Wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa<\/em>) is sometimes called Bee balm, a name that\u2019s also applied to a red species of bergamot in the eastern US. It has a long history of human use. Native peoples used it as an antiseptic on wounds and sores, to treat gum disease, colds, flu, and intestinal parasites, and like other members of the mint family, indigestion. The leaves were brewed for tea (after the Boston Tea Party, bergamot was one of the settlers\u2019 go-to tea substitutes), and they were added to stews for flavoring. It makes a strong and distinctive honey, and the oil was used on acne and as a hair dressing. The BugLady discovered an \u201coff-label\u201d use for it one day after she helped a small garter snake cross the road. The snake obliged by musking her hands, so she grabbed a bunch of bergamot leaves and pulverized them in her hands, trading musk for mint.<\/p>\n

It isn\u2019t an easy plant for insects to use. The flowers are long tubes (fistulosa means \u201creed,\u201d or \u201cpipe\u201d), and even though the pollen-producing stamens are accessible, an insect must be specially equipped to get to the nectar (some wasps cheat by chewing through the sides). Butterflies, moths, bee flies, and long-tongued bees like mining bees, cuckoo bees, and some bumble bees are the chief pollinators, but hummingbirds lend a hand, too. Mint flowers have a protruding \u201clower lip\u201d that insects use as a landing strip. Some grazers find the strong, mint-flavored chemicals off-putting.<\/p>\n

The wonderful Illinois Wildflowers website describes their blooming thus: \u201cAt the top of major stems are rounded heads of flowers about 1-3″ across. The flowers begin blooming in the center of the head, gradually moving toward its periphery, forming a wreath of flowers.\u201d Among the insects listed in the Illinois site\u2019s \u201cFaunal Associations\u201d section is a specialist called the Beebalm shortface bee<\/a> <\/i> that bugguide.net<\/a> <\/i> say lives in Wisconsin and Tennessee \u201cAlthough maps show wider distribution.\u201d Something to look for next year.<\/p>\n

The BugLady was surprised to learn that Wild bergamot is considered a weed in Nebraska.<\/p>\n

Here are some of the insects and spiders the BugLady has spotted on bergamot over the years. As always, there are bugs that come to dine, bugs that only visit for a brief rest, and others that come to stalk their prey.<\/p>\n

\"Cabbage<\/a>This CABBAGE WHITE butterfly is showing us how it\u2019s done – picking a flower and unrolling its curled proboscis to reach for nectar at the bottom of the tube.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Jagged<\/a>JAGGED AMBUSH BUG \u2013 If you\u2019re having trouble seeing it, so will its next meal (hint \u2013 its head is down and angled slightly to the left).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 
\n <\/p>\n

\"Crab<\/a>CRAB SPIDER \u2013ditto \u2013 you can spot this goldenrod crab spider by looking for the red lines on either side of its abdomen \u2013 or by looking for its dangling prey.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Crab<\/a>And another CRAB SPIDER, but with a different camouflage strategy.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Cinnamon<\/a>SNOWBERRY\/BUMBLEBEE CLEARWING and CINNAMON CLEARWING MOTHS are members of the sphinx moth family (aka the hawk moths), a group of powerful flyers that often have dramatic color patterns<\/a> <\/i> and an exaggerated spindle shape<\/a> <\/i>. Some species, like these, are day-flying, and they\u2019re often mistaken for mini-hummingbirds.<\/p>\n

\"Horsemint<\/a>The lovely HORSEMINT TORTOISE BEETLE eats bergamot and other members of the genus Monarda<\/em><\/a> <\/i>. Like other tortoise beetles, its slightly-less-lovely larvae, which are Monarda<\/em> leaf feeders, protect themselves both passively and actively by creating a \u201cfecal shield.\u201d Read all about it<\/a> <\/i>.<\/p>\n

\"Silver<\/a>SILVER-SPOTTED SKIPPERS are the biggest skippers in Wisconsin, but they\u2019re not the only ones that nectar on bergamot \u2013 the BugLady has pictures of a half-dozen smaller (and more confusing) skipper species in the flowers.<\/p>\n

\"Swallowtail<\/a>The BugLady watched this BLACK SWALLOWTAIL throw itself at the bergamot over and over with total abandon. She tries (probably not hard enough) to avoid anthropomorphism, but this butterfly\u2019s actions seemed so exuberant!<\/p>\n

\"Bumble<\/a>BUMBLE BEES are strong enough to pry open tubular flowers – like mints, columbines, gentians, and peas – that are inaccessible to lesser insects. This bumble bee seems to be one of the long-tongued species, but the BugLady isn\u2019t sure whether bergamot flowers require force or finesse.<\/p>\n

P\"Pennsylvania<\/a>ENNSYLVANIA LEATHERWING BEETLES, members of the Soldier beetle family, are a fixture on goldenrods and nearby prairie plants during the month of August. Adults are omnivores, feeding on nectar, pollen, and tiny invertebrates; and their larvae are carnivores. This one looks a little rumpled, like it got out of the wrong side of the bed.<\/p>\n

\"Question<\/a>QUESTION MARKS have a silvery punctuation mark on the underside of the hind wing. There are two generations each year and two color forms \u2013 the longer-tailed, \u201cviolet-tipped,\u201d orange winter form<\/a> <\/i>, and the darker-winged summer form<\/a> <\/i>. Spectacular caterpillar<\/a> <\/i>. Question marks and Commas, the anglewings, overwinter as adults in sheltered places.<\/p>\n

And, of course, a SYRPHID FLY.<\/p>\n

Also seen were a two-lined grasshopper, monarch butterfly, Virginia ctenucha moth, ants, and a bush katydid.<\/p>\n

The BugLady<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Howdy, BugFans, The BugLady loves wild bergamot\u2014first, because it has classy flowers, and second, because she loves the clearwing moths that dance around their edges, leading her on an annual, merry chase. 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