{"id":24418,"date":"2025-06-10T12:03:21","date_gmt":"2025-06-10T17:03:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/?p=24418"},"modified":"2025-06-11T16:33:44","modified_gmt":"2025-06-11T21:33:44","slug":"uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\/","title":{"rendered":"UWM doctoral student built a first-of-its kind, high-voltage circuit breakers testbed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>UWM has taken a pioneering role in advancing the future of the U.S. electrical grid by hosting the world\u2019s first testing facility dedicated to high-voltage circuit breakers that are more cost-effective and environmentally friendly than current technology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Doctoral student Sadeed Hossain, electrical engineering, has been instrumental in this effort, helping to build and operate the test facility, called a &#8220;synthetic test circuit.&#8221; It is designed for evaluating next-generation circuit breakers in both high-current and high-voltage environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Traditional circuit breakers at substations rely on sulfur hexafluoride (SF\u2086) as an insulating medium needed to interrupt the flow of electrical current and protect infrastructure when something on the grid goes wrong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, SF\u2086 is an expensive and potent greenhouse gas that has toxic byproducts. As the grid ages, leakage has become a problem because, once in the atmosphere, SF<sub>6<\/sub> lingers for literally thousands of years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"uwm-p-slider uwm-p-slider--dots-outside\"><div class=\"uwm-p-slider--base\"><figure class=\"uwm-c-img--caption-gray\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/537\/2025\/06\/Hossain.Graybar-1.jpg\" alt=\"two men with industrial equipment talking to each other\" title=\"two men with industrial equipment talking to each other\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" \/><figcaption>UWM doctoral student Sadeed Hossain (left) discusses the UWM testbed with Associate Professor Lukas Graber, head of Georgia Tech\u2019s Plasma and Dielectrics lab, where the circuit breaker was built. The synthetic test facility, located in UWM\u2019s USR building, serves as an alternative to full-scale direct testing by replicating high-current fault conditions in a controlled environment with lower power requirements and improved safety, Hossain said.<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"uwm-c-img--caption-gray\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/537\/2025\/06\/Hossain.Catania-1.jpg\" alt=\"two men looking at the camera\" title=\"two men looking at the camera\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" \/><figcaption>Hossain (left) stands with UWM recent graduate Samuel Catania, who developed a remote \u201ccommand center\u201d for the project that allows high-voltage testing to be conducted safely from a separate control area outside the testing zone.<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"uwm-c-img--caption-gray\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/537\/2025\/06\/TELSA.circuit.breaker-1.jpg\" alt=\"an industrial circuit breaker\" title=\"an industrial circuit breaker\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" \/><figcaption>The researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology who built this new device, brought it to UWM in May for testing. Former UWM faculty member Chanyeop Park and UWM doctoral student Sadeed Hossain built the test facility, the only university synthetic test circuit in U.S. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-an-alternative-insulator\"><strong>An alternative insulator<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Georgia Institute of Technology developed a different kind of circuit breaker that uses supercritical CO\u2082, as a viable replacement for SF\u2086, created by putting CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;under very high pressures and moderate temperature, supercritical CO\u2082 is a substance that\u2019s somewhere between a gas and a liquid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lukas Graber, associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology, collaborated with former UWM faculty member Chanyeop Park, to bring the testing part of the grant to UWM. Hossain has kept the project on schedule, culminating in the completion of tests in November.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The new circuit breaker is designed to interrupt extremely high fault currents \u2013 up to 20,000 amperes (peak) \u2013 and is rated for operation at 72,000 volts, roughly the levels used to power large-scale facilities, such as major league baseball stadiums.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Our industrial lab is the only university-based synthetic test circuit in U.S.,&#8221; Hossain said. &#8220;We built it to accommodate testing of supercritical CO<sub>2<\/sub>, but it can be used to test any kind of high-voltage circuit breakers.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-now-that-the-basic-science-has-been-completed-through-this-partnership-midwest-companies-can-take-advantage-of-this-facility-and-work-with-us-to-design-and-test-new-high-voltage-circuit-breakers-andrew-graettinger-ceas-associate-dean\"><strong><em>&#8220;Now that the basic science has been completed through this partnership, Midwest companies can take advantage of this facility and work with us to design and test new high-voltage circuit breakers.&#8221;  <\/em><\/strong><br><strong><em>-Andrew Graettinger, CEAS associate dean<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Now that the basic science has been completed through this partnership, Midwest companies can take advantage of this facility and work with us to design and test new high-voltage circuit breakers,&#8221; said Andrew Graettinger, associate dean for research in UWM&#8217;s College of Engineering &amp; Applied Science. &#8220;It&#8217;s a great example of academic collaboration opening doors to support the economy.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As an undergraduate research assistant, recent graduate Samuel Catania (&#8217;25 BS, Electrical Engineering) developed a remote \u201ccommand center\u201d that allows high-voltage testing to be conducted safely from a separate control area outside the testing zone. To enhance electrical isolation and safety, the system is connected using fiber optic cables instead of traditional copper wiring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The work behind this new circuit breaker and testbed was funded by the Department of Energy\u2019s Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>UWM has taken a pioneering role in advancing the future of the U.S. electrical grid by hosting the world\u2019s first testing facility dedicated to high-voltage circuit breakers that are more cost-effective and environmentally friendly than current technology. Doctoral student Sadeed &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":836,"featured_media":24419,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","uwm_wg_additional_authors":[]},"categories":[95,25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24418","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energy-sustainability","category-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>College of Engineering &amp; Applied Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co\u2082-circuit-breaker\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"UWM doctoral student built a first-of-its kind, high-voltage circuit breakers testbed\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"UWM has taken a pioneering role in advancing the future of the U.S. electrical grid by hosting the world\u2019s first testing facility dedicated to high-voltage circuit breakers that are more cost-effective and environmentally friendly than current technology. Doctoral student Sadeed &hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co\u2082-circuit-breaker\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"College of Engineering &amp; Applied Science\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-06-10T17:03:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-06-11T21:33:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/537\/2025\/06\/Tightening.bolts_.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"750\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Laura L Otto\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Laura L Otto\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Laura L Otto\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/2f360a26f3df4ff8f31b58e43d772565\"},\"headline\":\"UWM doctoral student built a first-of-its kind, high-voltage circuit breakers testbed\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-06-10T17:03:21+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-06-11T21:33:44+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":643,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/537\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/Tightening.bolts_.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Energy &amp; Sustainability\",\"News\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\\\/\",\"name\":\"UWM doctoral student built a first-of-its kind, high-voltage circuit breakers testbed - College of Engineering &amp; Applied Science\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/537\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/Tightening.bolts_.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-06-10T17:03:21+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-06-11T21:33:44+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/2f360a26f3df4ff8f31b58e43d772565\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/537\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/Tightening.bolts_.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/537\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/Tightening.bolts_.jpg\",\"width\":750,\"height\":500,\"caption\":\"Hossain (right) helps two Georgia Tech researchers ready the high-voltage circuit breaker for testing. Tightening the bolts are Associate Professor Lukas Graber (left) and research engineer Zhiyang Jin.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"UWM doctoral student built a first-of-its kind, high-voltage circuit breakers testbed\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/\",\"name\":\"College of Engineering &amp; Applied Science\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/2f360a26f3df4ff8f31b58e43d772565\",\"name\":\"Laura L Otto\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/7a25d6450ea441d1a0a92cfcac5c88d413d72cb7a72eb8721a3c4bc0b8b290f0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/7a25d6450ea441d1a0a92cfcac5c88d413d72cb7a72eb8721a3c4bc0b8b290f0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/7a25d6450ea441d1a0a92cfcac5c88d413d72cb7a72eb8721a3c4bc0b8b290f0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Laura L Otto\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uwm.edu\\\/engineering\\\/author\\\/llhuntuwm-edu\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"College of Engineering &amp; Applied Science","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co\u2082-circuit-breaker\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"UWM doctoral student built a first-of-its kind, high-voltage circuit breakers testbed","og_description":"UWM has taken a pioneering role in advancing the future of the U.S. electrical grid by hosting the world\u2019s first testing facility dedicated to high-voltage circuit breakers that are more cost-effective and environmentally friendly than current technology. Doctoral student Sadeed &hellip;","og_url":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co\u2082-circuit-breaker\/","og_site_name":"College of Engineering &amp; Applied Science","article_published_time":"2025-06-10T17:03:21+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-06-11T21:33:44+00:00","og_image":[{"width":750,"height":500,"url":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/537\/2025\/06\/Tightening.bolts_.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Laura L Otto","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Laura L Otto","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\/"},"author":{"name":"Laura L Otto","@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/#\/schema\/person\/2f360a26f3df4ff8f31b58e43d772565"},"headline":"UWM doctoral student built a first-of-its kind, high-voltage circuit breakers testbed","datePublished":"2025-06-10T17:03:21+00:00","dateModified":"2025-06-11T21:33:44+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\/"},"wordCount":643,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/537\/2025\/06\/Tightening.bolts_.jpg","articleSection":["Energy &amp; Sustainability","News"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\/","url":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\/","name":"UWM doctoral student built a first-of-its kind, high-voltage circuit breakers testbed - College of Engineering &amp; Applied Science","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/537\/2025\/06\/Tightening.bolts_.jpg","datePublished":"2025-06-10T17:03:21+00:00","dateModified":"2025-06-11T21:33:44+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/#\/schema\/person\/2f360a26f3df4ff8f31b58e43d772565"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/537\/2025\/06\/Tightening.bolts_.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/537\/2025\/06\/Tightening.bolts_.jpg","width":750,"height":500,"caption":"Hossain (right) helps two Georgia Tech researchers ready the high-voltage circuit breaker for testing. Tightening the bolts are Associate Professor Lukas Graber (left) and research engineer Zhiyang Jin."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/uwm-tests-the-worlds-first-supercritical-co%e2%82%82-circuit-breaker\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"UWM doctoral student built a first-of-its kind, high-voltage circuit breakers testbed"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/#website","url":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/","name":"College of Engineering &amp; Applied Science","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/#\/schema\/person\/2f360a26f3df4ff8f31b58e43d772565","name":"Laura L Otto","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7a25d6450ea441d1a0a92cfcac5c88d413d72cb7a72eb8721a3c4bc0b8b290f0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7a25d6450ea441d1a0a92cfcac5c88d413d72cb7a72eb8721a3c4bc0b8b290f0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7a25d6450ea441d1a0a92cfcac5c88d413d72cb7a72eb8721a3c4bc0b8b290f0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Laura L Otto"},"url":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/author\/llhuntuwm-edu\/"}]}},"meta_fields":{"_edit_lock":["1753211630:19687"],"_thumbnail_id":["24419"],"_edit_last":["836"],"feat_img_video":[""],"feat_img_gallery":[""],"feat_img_caption":["feat-img-caption-on"],"breadcrumbs_display":["breadcrumbs-on"],"otp_nav_display":["otp-on-mobile"],"post_layout":["post-layout-theme"],"_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":["25"],"_yoast_wpseo_content_score":["60"],"_yoast_wpseo_focuskeywords":[""],"_yoast_wpseo_keywordsynonyms":[""],"_yoast_wpseo_estimated-reading-time-minutes":["4"],"_yoast_indexnow_last_ping":["1749677624"],"_uwm_wg_content_review_log":["a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:11:\"reviewer_id\";i:0;s:6:\"status\";s:5:\"reset\";s:10:\"entry_date\";s:19:\"2026-03-01 02:11:12\";s:16:\"priority_content\";s:0:\"\";s:4:\"note\";s:43:\"Content review reset at start of new cycle.\";}}"]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24418","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/836"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24418"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24418\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24538,"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24418\/revisions\/24538"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24419"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24418"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24418"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uwm.edu\/engineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24418"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}